Neural Bypasses: Literature Review and Future Directions in Developing Artificial Neural Connections

Abstract

Reported neuro-modulation schemes in the literature are typically classified as closed-loop or open-loop. A novel group of recently developed neuro-modulation devices may be better described as a neural bypass, which attempts to transmit neural data from one location of the nervous system to another.<strong> </strong>The most common form of neural bypasses in the literature utilize EEG recordings of cortical information paired with functional electrical stimulation for effector muscle output, most commonly for assistive applications and rehabilitation in spinal cord injury or stroke. Other neural bypass locations that have also been described, or may soon be in development, include cortical-spinal bypasses, cortical-cortical bypasses, autonomic bypasses, peripheral-central bypasses, and inter-subject bypasses. The most common recording devices include EEG, ECoG, and microelectrode arrays, while stimulation devices include both invasive and noninvasive electrodes. Several devices are in development to improve the temporal and spatial resolution and biocompatibility for neuronal recording and stimulation. A major barrier to entry includes neuroplasticity and current decoding mechanisms that regularly require retraining. Neural bypasses are a unique class of neuro-modulation. Continued advancement of neural recording and stimulating devices with high spatial and temporal resolution, combined with decoding mechanisms uninhibited by neuroplasticity, can expand the therapeutic capability of neural bypassing. Overall, neural bypasses are a promising modality to improve the treatment of common neurologic disorders, including stroke, spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, brain injury and more.

Surgical treatment of movement disorders in neurometabolic conditions

“…Notably, other surgical interventions, like baclofen pumps, were beyond the scope of this review but may be beneficial in specific patients. Similarly, novel surgical interventions, like neural bypasses, represent intriguing future approaches for patients with movement disorders (115).…”

Improving Efficiency of Direct Pro-Neural Reprogramming: Much-Needed Aid for Neuroregeneration in Spinal Cord Injury

“…Finally, neuromodulation devices for artificial neural connections allowing neural data transmission from one undamaged part of the spinal cord to another might complement the aforementioned curative strategies [30].…”

Neuro-WiFi: A Novel Neuronal Connection Underlies the Potential Interventional Target

“…Neuro-WiFi could be used to restore lost or impaired functions, such as movement or speech, in individuals with neurological disorders or injuries. By directly interfacing with the brain, external devices can bypass damaged neural pathways and transmit signals to the desired muscles or organs, restoring normal function (4). Envision the ability to promptly retrieve information, data, and even complete literary works, as if they were stored within our own cognitive faculties.…”