Network Analysis of Indigenous Indonesia Medical Plants for Treating Tuberculosis

Abstract

Background: Indonesia is the biggest archipelago country with the second biggest biodiversity in the world. A lot of medical plants for treating various diseases can be found in Indonesia, including medical plants for tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Objective: The goal of this research is to document the information of Indonesia indigenous medical plants that used various local societies to treat tuberculosis and also analyze active compounds of medical plants with proteins that related to tuberculosis. Methods and Materials: The annotation of medical plants for treating tuberculosis was collected from a various source comprising local research papers, theses, and other resources. The information of active compound was taken from Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. A network of active compounds-proteins was analyzed by using Cytoscape 3.6.0. Results: The result described that there were twenty-seven species from nineteen families of medical plants used by local societies of Indonesia for tuberculosis therapy, and there were sundry of active compounds from fourteen medical plants had direct interaction with proteins related tuberculosis. Conclusion: Most of the active compounds targeted proteins that had a prominent role in immune system. It indicated that medical plants treating tuberculosis through regulating immunity of human body. ABSTRACT SUMMARY • Tuberculosis is a respiratory infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For a long time, Indonesia local societies have been used medical plants for tuberculosis therapy. By using network analysis study, the active compounds of medical plants can modulate human immunity to treat tuberculosis. Sherry Aristyani, a master student of Biology in Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya. Her master research focuses on active compounds of Indonesia medical plants for tuberculosis therapy. Sri Widyarti, Lecturer and researcher in Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya. She has expertise in biology cell. Sutiman Bambang Sumitro, a professor in Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya. He has expertise in biology cell, bioinorganic, and nano-biology. ABOUT AUTHORS

Bioinorganic Chemistry and Computational Study of Herbal Medicine to Treatment of Tuberculosis

“…It altered the binding position of FhaA, a ligand of PknB. It might be concluded that these compounds could inhibit the activity of downstream protein target which could suppress the survival and growth of Mtb (Figures 2 and 3) [21].…”

“…The green line indicates active compound-protein interaction. The red line indicates active compound-active compound interaction [21]. Gray structure, Src wild-type protein; yellow structure, PI3K; green structure, Src-drug complex; pink structure, Src-phytol; blue structure, Src-oleic complex [21].…”

“…Gray structure, Src wild-type protein; yellow structure, PI3K; green structure, Src-drug complex; pink structure, Src-phytol; blue structure, Src-oleic complex [21]. zedoaria, Centella asiatica, Coffea arabica, Ageratum conyzoides L., Tamarindus indica, Citrus aurantifolia, Petiveria alliacea, and Lantana camara L. contain several active compounds that interacted with protein-related tuberculosis like IL-4, TNF-α, IL-1B, CCL-2, TLR4, and P4HB (Figure 1); by immunity balancing they can improve the therapy outcomes and avoid Mtb reaction [21,22]. Moreover, some studies showed that cytokines like IL-4, IL-1B, and CCL-2 could eradicate mycobacteria [23].…”

“…Both isoamyl alcohol and furfural associated with alcohol dehydrogenase proteins, while lauric acid interacted with fatty acid synthase. Salicylate bonds with various proteins such as caeA for modifying envelope structure, lpqp for encoding a membrane-bound lipoprotein, lipT for hydrolyzing from liposome suspensions, [21]. and estB for hydrolyzing and has peroxidase activity.…”

“…Generally, different bacteria in the gut microbiota can cooperate to promote metabolism of a single compound, while one single bacterial strain is able to transform different compounds [83]. In the human intestinal microbial metabolism of quercitrin, an active compound of Indonesian herbal medicine for tuberculosis treatment [21] showed Fusobacterium K-60 deglycosylates the quercitrin, whereas four other strains of bacteria, specifically Bifidobacterium B-9, Pediococcus Q-5, Streptococcus S-3, and Bacteroides JY-6, were bounded in further fission of the quercetin (aglycone) [84]. Meanwhile, several compounds such as geniposide, aconitine, and shikonin belonging to different structural types were transformed by Clostridium butyricum via various reaction mechanisms: deglycosylation, dehydration, condensation, dehydrogenation, and intramolecular cyclization [82].…”