Nerve Impulses Have Three Interdependent Functions: Communication, Modulation, and Computation

Winlow, William; Johnson, Andrew S.

doi:10.1089/bioe.2021.0001

Cited by 7 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 91 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…Each record of the nerve impulses at various brain centers, as seen in Figure 7, has its own frequency, amplitude, and entropy flow. Such recorded parameters indicate the truth of the published three independent functions of the nerve impulses: communication, modulation, and computation [20]. Such functions determine computational characteristics of the required action of the receptors by the sent impulses [21].…”

Section: Proper Nature Of the Nerve Impulsesmentioning

confidence: 89%

Proper Understanding of the Nerve Impulses and the Action Potential

Abdelhady¹

2023

WJNS

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Neurologists define the transmission of nerve impulses across the membranes of the neural cells as a result of difference in the concentration of ions while they measured an electric potential, called as an action potential, which allows the propagation of such nerve impulses as electrical signals. Such measurements should guide them to a logical explanation of the nerve impulses as electric charges driven by the measured action potential. However, such logical conclusion, or explanation, is ignored due to a wrong definition of the flow of electric charges as a flow of electrons that cannot pass through neural networks. According to recent studies, electric charges are properly defined as electromagnetic (EM) waves whose energy is expressed as the product of its propagating electric potential times their entropy flow which is adhered to the flow of such energy. Such definition matches the logical conclusion of the nerve impulses as electric charges, as previously explained, and defines the entropy of the neural network, measured by Ammeters, in Watt or Joule/Volt. The measured entropy represents a neurodiagnostic property of the neural networks that measures its capacity to allow the flow of energy per unit action potential. Theoretical verification of the innovative definition of nerve impulses is presented by following an advanced entropy approach. A proper review of the machine records of the stimulating electric charges, used in the diagnosis of the neural networks, and the stimulated nerve impulses or stimulated responses, represents practical verifications of the innovative definitions of the electric charges and the nerve impulses. Comparing the functioning of the thermoelectric generators and the brain neurons, such neurons are defined as thermoelectric generators of the electric nerve impulses and their propagating, or action, potential.

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Section: Proper Nature Of the Nerve Impulsesmentioning

confidence: 89%

Proper Understanding of the Nerve Impulses and the Action Potential

Abdelhady¹

2023

WJNS

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“…There is more to the physiology of nervous systems than just connectivity and endocrine and neuroendocrine adjustments must be combined with the system. For example, we now realize that action potentials have three functions within nervous systems: communication, modulation and computation [22] using phase ternary, rather than binary computation [20]. The whole point is that nervous systems are likely to be much more complex than circuit diagrams or hormonal and neurosecretory actions can predict, particularly as there is also evidence that brains may function as quantum phase computers [23], exhibiting quantum entanglement [24].…”

Section: Beyond the Connectomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus there is a basic divide between those neuroscientists "who believe that the way to understanding the brain is through looking at the nerve cells" (i.e., the connectome of various species) and those "physicists who suggest that the laws of quantum mechanics may have an influence on the dynamics of consciousness and the mind" [89]. However, in real neural networks individual neurons appear to act as computational elements and to participate in parallel processing using phase ternary computation [22,23] and in the view of Winlow and Johnson 2023, "the brain acts as a quantum phase computer and would be expected to generate multiple non-classical brain functions in terms of connectivity across a nervous system" [90], presumably interacting with polymorphic parallel distributed neural networks to generate behavior. In analogy, the frequencies of action potentials computed in parallel may be equivalent to central pattern generation.…”

Section: Beyond the Connectomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1994 Horgan and Tienson generalized this into a nonclassical framework involving cognitive state transitions, mathematical/functional design and physical implementation or realization. Unfortunately they argued against a computational framework for cognitive science while accepting that connectionist networks (PDP) networks were important, which seems contradictory, particularly now that we know that in real neural networks individual neurons act as computational elements [20,22]. However, evidence favoring nonclassical brain functions due to quantum entanglement has recently emerged from Trinity College, Dublin in the work of Kerskens and Perez [24], thus supporting our view that the brain uses quantum computation [23].…”

Section: Evidence For Non-classical Human Brain Functions By Quantum ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modern neuroscience concepts strongly suggest that individual neurons have a computational function [20,21] as well as their traditional functions of communication and modulation [22]. Furthermore, the brain may function as a quantum phase computer [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classical and Non-Classical Neural Communications

Winlow,

Fatemi,

Johnson

2023

OBM Neurobiol

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This review was constructed to show how the connectome has evolved in motor command systems from simple command elements to complex systems of neurons utilizing parallel distributed processing and the possibility of quantum entanglement between groups of neurons. Scientific and medical interest in neural pathways and their connections have driven neuroscience and brain research for many decades so that specific systems and their feedback loops have been considered in detail. We review motor command systems in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems, using PubMed and more generalized searches. We contemplate the attractiveness of the command neuron concept and why it has been largely superseded by parallel distributed processing (PDP) in both vertebrate and invertebrate models. Action potentials, synaptic connectivity and communication within the nervous system are extremely important to understanding basic neurological and physiological functions. However, newer concepts suggest computation within nervous systems may resemble quantum phase computation and that computational action potentials are also quantal. We suggest that a rational form of computation that can operate according to the physiological constraints of neurons and their connectivity is essential in further evaluating neuronal interactions. We also consider recent studies that indicate that quantum entanglement may occur in the human brain. Thus some brain functions may be non-classical, most likely the phenomena of consciousness and self-awareness. The significance of this review is that future studies on motor command should not just consider the connectome but should also consider computational systems within nervous systems and the likelihood of quantum entanglement between groups of neurons not currently indicated by the connectome.

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Biomimetic Exogenous “Tissue Batteries” as Artificial Power Sources for Implantable Bioelectronic Devices Manufacturing

Yue,

Wang,

Xie

et al. 2024

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Implantable bioelectronic devices (IBDs) have gained attention for their capacity to conformably detect physiological and pathological signals and further provide internal therapy. However, traditional power sources integrated into these IBDs possess intricate limitations such as bulkiness, rigidity, and biotoxicity. Recently, artificial “tissue batteries” (ATBs) have diffusely developed as artificial power sources for IBDs manufacturing, enabling comprehensive biological‐activity monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy. ATBs are on‐demand and designed to accommodate the soft and confining curved placement space of organisms, minimizing interface discrepancies, and providing ample power for clinical applications. This review presents the near‐term advancements in ATBs, with a focus on their miniaturization, flexibility, biodegradability, and power density. Furthermore, it delves into material‐screening, structural‐design, and energy density across three distinct categories of TBs, distinguished by power supply strategies. These types encompass innovative energy storage devices (chemical batteries and supercapacitors), power conversion devices that harness power from human‐body (biofuel cells, thermoelectric nanogenerators, bio‐potential devices, piezoelectric harvesters, and triboelectric devices), and energy transfer devices that receive and utilize external energy (radiofrequency‐ultrasound energy harvesters, ultrasound‐induced energy harvesters, and photovoltaic devices). Ultimately, future challenges and prospects emphasize ATBs with the indispensability of bio‐safety, flexibility, and high‐volume energy density as crucial components in long‐term implantable bioelectronic devices.

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Nerve Impulses Have Three Interdependent Functions: Communication, Modulation, and Computation

Cited by 7 publications

References 91 publications

Proper Understanding of the Nerve Impulses and the Action Potential

Proper Understanding of the Nerve Impulses and the Action Potential

Classical and Non-Classical Neural Communications

Biomimetic Exogenous “Tissue Batteries” as Artificial Power Sources for Implantable Bioelectronic Devices Manufacturing

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