Nemo-Nordic 1.0: a NEMO-based ocean model for the Baltic and North seas – research and operational applications

Hordoir, Robinson; Axell, Lars; Höglund, Anders; Dieterich, Christian; Fransner, Filippa; Gröger, Matthias; Liu, Ye; Pemberton, Per; Schimanke, Semjon; Andersson, Helén; Ljungemyr, Patrik; Nygren, Petter; Falahat, Saeed; Nord, Adam; Jönsson, Anette; Lake, Iréne; Döös, Kristofer; Hieronymus, Magnus; Dietze, Heiner; Löptien, Ulrike; Kuznetsov, Ivan; Westerlund, Antti; Tuomi, Laura; Haapala, Jari

doi:10.5194/gmd-12-363-2019

Cited by 86 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…The dispersal of organisms (eggs, spores, larvae, or rafting algae) was modelled with a Lagrangian particle‐tracking model driven off‐line with flow fields from an ocean circulation model. The stored ocean transport data were produced with the NEMO‐Nordic model (Hordoir et al, ), which is a regional configuration of the NEMO ocean engine (Madec, ) covering the Baltic Sea and the eastern North Sea. The model has a horizontal spatial resolution of 3.7 km, and 84 vertical levels with depth intervals of 3 m at the surface and 23 m for the deepest layers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecological coherence of Marine Protected Areas: New tools applied to the Baltic Sea network

Jonsson

Moksnes

Corell³

et al. 2020

Aquatic Conservation

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1. Spatial connectivity is an essential process to consider in the design and assessment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). To help maintain and restore marine populations and communities MPAs should form ecologically coherent networks.How to estimate and implement connectivity in MPA design remains a challenge.2. Here a new theoretical framework is presented based on biophysical modelling of organism dispersal, combined with a suite of tools to assess different aspects of connectivity that can be integrated in MPA design. As a demonstration, these tools are applied to an MPA network in the Baltic Sea (HELCOM MPA).3. The tools are based on the connectivity matrix, which summarizes dispersal probabilities, averaged over many years, between all considered areas in the geographic target area. The biophysical model used to estimate connectivity included important biological traits that affect dispersal patterns where different trait combinations and habitat preferences will produce specific connectivity matrices representing different species. 4. Modelled connectivity matrices were used to assess local retention within individual MPAs, which offers indications about the adequacy of size when MPAs are considered in isolation. The connectivity matrix also provides information about source areas to individual MPAs, e.g. sources of larvae or pressures such as contaminants. How well several MPAs act as a network was assessed within a framework of eigenvalue perturbation theory (EPT). With EPT, the optimal MPA network with respect to connectivity can be identified. In addition, EPT can suggest optimal extensions of existing MPA networks to enhance connectivity. Finally, dispersal barriers can be identified based on the connectivity matrix, which may suggest boundaries for management units.5. The assessment of connectivity for the HELCOM MPA are discussed in terms of possible improvements, but the tools presented here could be applied to any region.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Climatological data from a number of different databases for the Baltic Sea and the North Sea provided freshwater runoff. Validation of the NEMO‐Nordic model has showed that the model is able to correctly represent the sea surface height, both tidally induced and wind driven (Hordoir et al, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological coherence of Marine Protected Areas: New tools applied to the Baltic Sea network

Jonsson

Moksnes

Corell³

et al. 2020

Aquatic Conservation

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“…All results below from the biophysical model are referred to as "connectivity," to be distinguished from results obtained from genetic data, which are referred to using the terms "gene flow" and "population structure." The biophysical model is based on the oceanographic circulation model NEMO-Nordic that produces water velocity fields with spatial resolution of 3.7 km in the horizontal and 3-12 m in the vertical, and a temporal resolution of 3 hr (for details, see Hordoir et al, 2019).…”

Section: Biophysical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial genetic structure in a crustacean herbivore highlights the need for local considerations in Baltic Sea biodiversity management

Wit

Jonsson

Pereyra

et al. 2020

Evolutionary Applications

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Incorporating species' eco-evolutionary responses to human-caused disturbances remains a challenge in marine management efforts. A prerequisite is knowledge of geographic structure and scale of genetic diversity and connectivity-the so-called seascape genetic patterns. The Baltic Sea is an excellent model system for studies linking seascape genetics with effects of anthropogenic stress. However, seascape genetic patterns in this area are only described for a few species and are completely unknown for invertebrate herbivores, which constitute a critical part of the ecosystem. This information is crucial for sustainable management, particularly under future scenarios of rapid environmental change. Here, we investigate the population genetic structure among 31 locations throughout the Baltic Sea, of which 45% were located in marine protected areas, in one of the most important herbivores of this region, the isopod crustacean Idotea balthica, using an array of 33,774 genome-wide SNP markers derived from 2b-RAD sequencing. In addition, we generate a biophysical connectivity matrix for I. balthica from a combination of oceanographic current models and estimated life history traits. We find population structure on scales of hundreds of kilometers across the Baltic Sea, where genomic patterns in most cases closely match biophysical connectivity, indicating passive transport with oceanographic currents as an important mean of dispersal in this species. We also find a reduced genetic diversity in terms of heterozygosity along the main salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea, suggesting periods of low population size. Our results provide crucial information for the management of a key ecosystem species under expected changes in temperature and salinity following global climate change in a marine coastal area. K E Y W O R D SBaltic Sea, connectivity, Idotea balthica, marine protected areas, seascape genetics | 975 DE WIT ET al.

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“…The coupled simulation evaluated in our study consist of three main models, CCLM responsible for the atmosphere and land surface, NEMO-MED12 [29] for the Mediterranean Sea and NEMO-NORDIC [30] for the Baltic and North Seas. Moreover, NEMO-NORDIC also includes a sea ice model named LIM3 (Louvain-la-Neuve sea ice model) [31].…”

Section: Coupled Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Added Value of Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling in a Century-Long Regional Climate Simulation

et al. 2019

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A twentieth century-long coupled atmosphere-ocean regional climate simulation with COSMO-CLM (Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling, Climate Limited-area Model) and NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) is studied here to evaluate the added value of coupled marginal seas over continental regions. The interactive coupling of the marginal seas, namely the Mediterranean, the North and the Baltic Seas, to the atmosphere in the European region gives a comprehensive modelling system. It is expected to be able to describe the climatological features of this geographically complex area even more precisely than an atmosphere-only climate model. The investigated variables are precipitation and 2 m temperature. Sensitivity studies are used to assess the impact of SST (sea surface temperature) changes over land areas. The different SST values affect the continental precipitation more than the 2 m temperature. The simulated variables are compared to the CRU (Climatic Research Unit) observational data, and also to the HOAPS/GPCC (Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre) data. In the coupled simulation, added skill is found primarily during winter over the eastern part of Europe. Our analysis shows that, over this region, the coupled system is dryer than the uncoupled system, both in terms of precipitation and soil moisture, which means a decrease in the bias of the system. Thus, the coupling improves the simulation of precipitation over the eastern part of Europe, due to cooler SST values and in consequence, drier soil.

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Nemo-Nordic 1.0: a NEMO-based ocean model for the Baltic and North seas – research and operational applications

Cited by 86 publications

References 84 publications

Ecological coherence of Marine Protected Areas: New tools applied to the Baltic Sea network

Ecological coherence of Marine Protected Areas: New tools applied to the Baltic Sea network

Spatial genetic structure in a crustacean herbivore highlights the need for local considerations in Baltic Sea biodiversity management

Added Value of Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling in a Century-Long Regional Climate Simulation

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