Neighborhood Income Composition by Household Race and Income, 1990–2009

Reardon, Sean F.; Fox, Lindsay; Townsend, Joseph B.

doi:10.1177/0002716215576104

Cited by 208 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(30 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

125

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Moreover, in 1990 African Americans began to display a pattern of declining segregation with rising socioeconomic status (Massey and Fischer, 1999), one that continued into the new century (Iceland 2005; Iceland and Wilkes, 2006). As racial segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas moderated, however, the degree of segregation on the basis of income increased to complicate the picture (Reardon and Bischoff, 2011a, 2011b; Reardon et al, 2015). …”

Section: Segregation and Socioeconomic Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segregation by race and income in the United States 1970–2010

Intrator

Tannen

Massey

2016

Social Science Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A systematic analysis of residential segregation and spatial interaction by income reveals that as income rises, minority access to integrated neighborhoods, higher levels of interaction with whites, and more affluent neighbors also increase. However, the income payoffs are much lower for African Americans than other groups, especially Asians. Although Hispanics and Asians have always displayed declining levels of minority-white dissimilarity and rising levels of minority-white interaction with rising income, income differentials on these outcomes for blacks did not appear until 1990 and since then have improved at a very slow pace. Given their higher overall levels of segregation and income’s limited effect on residential attainment, African Americans experience less integration, more neighborhood poverty at all levels of income compared to other minority groups. The degree of black spatial disadvantage is especially acute in the nation’s 21 hypersegregated metropolitan areas.

show abstract

Section: Segregation and Socioeconomic Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segregation by race and income in the United States 1970–2010

Intrator

Tannen

Massey

2016

Social Science Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…African-Americans and immigrants are concentrated into urban areas, whereas Whites with relatively higher family income levels reside in suburbia (Farley, Steeh, Jackson, Krysan, & Reeves, 1993;Iceland et al, 2002;Logan, 2011). To illuminate community characteristics discontinuously varying at school district boundaries, this study is grounded in a large volume of research on housing patterns using demographic and socioeconomic factors (Bayer & McMillan, 2012;Black, 1999;Bornstein & Bradley, 2003;Darden & Kamel, 2000;Krieger et al, 2002;Krivo, Peterson, & Kuhl, 2009;Reardon, Fox, & Townsend, 2015). Given that racial preferences and urban structures do not act alone in shaping housing patterns (Clark, 1986;Iceland & Wilkes, 2006) Along with ordinary least squares regressions (OSL) identifying the relationship between the availability of the public school choice options and the selected housing features within a given school district, a mixed effects model (interchangeably called a multi-level modeling and hierarchical linear model) is used to clarify the connection between geographically-constrained choice availability and disparities in neighborhood housing characteristics.…”

Section: A Case Study Of the Chicago Metropolitan Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Paying for School Choice: Availability Differences among Local Education Markets

Liu

2016

IJEPL

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the context of school zone discontinuity based on parents' educational level, housing price, and household income, empowering parents to choose children' s schools with their own hands has the potential to improve overall access to education by weakening geographical advantages or disadvantages and opening up invisible boundaries between communities. Though recent school choice proposals seem aligned with access to education, little research has paid attention to potential access to and actual utilization of the federal government-initiated choice program in competitive markets. This paper, by representing the geographic distribution of choice availability in a segregated metropolitan area, explores whether or not the markets for the public school choice provision under the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 are ready to serve students at chronically underperforming schools. This study finds that the public school choice provision under the NCLB constructs unequal choice settings between school districts.

show abstract

“…In metropolitan areas in 2010, for example, blacks were nearly four times more likely than other residents to live in neighborhoods where the poverty rate was 40% or higher. The racial divide persists even when comparing households of the same income (1). One study finds that the average black household with annual earnings of $75,000 resides in a higher-poverty neighborhood than the average white household with annual earnings of less than $40,000 (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

For blacks in America, the gap in neighborhood poverty has declined faster than segregation

Firebaugh

Acciai

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Black residential segregation has been declining in the United States. That accomplishment rings hollow, however, if blacks continue to live in much poorer neighborhoods than other Americans. This study uses census data for all US metropolitan areas in 1980 and 2010 to compare decline in the neighborhood poverty gap between blacks and other Americans with decline in the residential segregation of blacks. We find that both declines resulted primarily from narrowing differences between blacks and whites as opposed to narrowing differences between blacks and Hispanics or blacks and Asians. Because black-white differences in neighborhood poverty declined much faster than black-white segregation, the neighborhood poverty disadvantage of blacks declined faster than black segregationa noteworthy finding because the narrowing of the racial gap in neighborhood poverty for blacks has gone largely unnoticed. Further analysis reveals that the narrowing of the gap was produced by change in both the medians and shapes of the distribution of poverty across the neighborhoods where blacks, whites, Hispanics, and Asians reside.on-Hispanic blacks (hereafter "blacks") generally live in poorer neighborhoods than other Americans. In metropolitan areas in 2010, for example, blacks were nearly four times more likely than other residents to live in neighborhoods where the poverty rate was 40% or higher. The racial divide persists even when comparing households of the same income (1). One study finds that the average black household with annual earnings of $75,000 resides in a higher-poverty neighborhood than the average white household with annual earnings of less than $40,000 (2). However, racial differences in neighborhood environments were even greater in the past (3). In this article, we document a significant narrowing of the black-nonblack gap in neighborhood poverty levels since 1980 and compare that decline with the decline in black residential segregation over the same period.The residential clustering of rich and poor in America is important because of the diminished life chances for residents of high-poverty neighborhoods (4, 5). In addition to more noise and congestion and the absence of green space, high-poverty neighborhoods in America often are characterized by poor schools, reduced access to healthy food, high crime rates, and weak social institutions. Sizable neighborhood inequality is particularly troubling when high neighborhood poverty is associated with race (6). If exposure to poverty adversely affects child development and educational attainment, as recent research suggests (7-11), then disparities in the neighborhood poverty environments of blacks versus more advantaged groups may be an important factor in the persistence of racial inequality across generations (12).The term "black neighborhood disadvantage" is used in this article as shorthand for the difference in poverty rates of the neighborhoods where blacks and other Americans live. Although black neighborhood disadvantage requires black residential segrega...

show abstract

Neighborhood Income Composition by Household Race and Income, 1990–2009

Cited by 208 publications

References 29 publications

Segregation by race and income in the United States 1970–2010

Segregation by race and income in the United States 1970–2010

Paying for School Choice: Availability Differences among Local Education Markets

For blacks in America, the gap in neighborhood poverty has declined faster than segregation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About