“…Chromium, a common heavy metal contaminant, universally exists in soils, groundwater, and surface waters in trivalent and hexavalent forms with the widespread use in industrial processes, such as electroplating, metallurgy, leather tanning, and textile dying industries (Bhattacharya et al 2014;Shen et al 2010;Mu et al 2015a;Zaleckas et al 2013). Cr(III) is relatively harmless and immobile with a trace concentrations because it is needed for glucose metabolism in human nutrition as well as for plants and animals, whereas Cr(VI) is more toxic and moves through aquatic environments (Cao, Zhang 2006;Chen et al 2015;Fang et al 2011a).…”