Negative consequences associated with dependence in daily cannabis users

Looby, Alison; Earleywine, Mitch

doi:10.1186/1747-597x-2-3

Cited by 73 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In contrast, our results, along with those of Zeisser et al [9] and earlier work by Looby and Earleywine [22], suggest that daily light (i.e. 1 joint) users suffer fewer problems than daily heavy users (2+ joints), such that quantity does matter in relation to the assessment of cannabis-related harms.…”

Section: Unpacking ‘Problematic' Cannabis Usecontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…Indeed, patterns of moderate, controlled use predominate for the majority of adult consumers, such that daily cannabis users are often hard to distinguish, in terms of health, social, and economic markers, from individuals who have never used the drug [13,14,15]. Nevertheless, researchers have identified a range of potential harms, particularly in relation to long-term heavy use, while the associated risks of exposure in youth dictate caution and the importance of prevention [16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Problems with the Identification of ‘Problematic' Cannabis Use: Examining the Issues of Frequency, Quantity, and Drug Use Environment

et al. 2014

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Considerable recent attention has focused on how harmful or problematic cannabis use is defined and understood in the literature and put to use in clinical practice. The aim of the current study is to review conceptual and measurement shortcomings in the identification of problematic cannabis use, drawing on the WHO ASSIST instrument for specific examples. Three issues with the current approach are debated and discussed: (1) the identification of problematic cannabis use disproportionately relies on measures of the frequency of cannabis consumption rather than the harms experienced; (2) the quantity consumed on a typical day is not considered when assessing problematic use, and (3) screening tools for problematic use employ a ‘one-size-fits-all approach' and fail to reflect on the drug use context (networks and environment). Our commentary tackles each issue, with a review of relevant literature coupled with analyses of two Canadian data sources - a representative sample of the Canadian adult population and a smaller sample of adult, regular, long-term cannabis users from four Canadian cities - to further articulate each point. This article concludes with a discussion of appropriate treatment interventions and approaches to reduce cannabis-related harms, and offers suggested changes to improve the measurement of problematic cannabis use.

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Section: Unpacking ‘Problematic' Cannabis Usecontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems with the Identification of ‘Problematic' Cannabis Use: Examining the Issues of Frequency, Quantity, and Drug Use Environment

et al. 2014

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“…Daily marijuana use is now at its highest rate among college students in more than three decades, and 1 in 10 non-college young adults report daily use (Johnston et al, 2014). Young adults who use marijuana frequently have an increased risk for a variety of short-and long-term consequences, such as injuries and accidents, decreased academic performance, cognitive difficulties such as memory loss, risky sexual behavior, physical complications such as poor lung capacity and difficulty breathing, lower selfconfidence and self-esteem, and psychological difficulties such as increased depression and social anxiety (Buckner et al, 2010;Hall & Degenhardt, 2009;Kalant, 2004;Looby & Earleywine, 2007;Simons et al, 2010;Taylor et al, 2000).…”

Section: Y Oung Adults Are An At-risk Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana Use Among Young Adults

Pedersen

Hummer

Rinker

et al. 2016

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: Marijuana use can result in a variety of negative consequences, yet it remains popular among young adults and the general public at large. Combined with the growing empirical support for the benefits of medicinal marijuana as well as the steady increase in popular opinion regarding its legalization, it is of growing importance to identify strategies that may mitigate the harms related to marijuana use, reduce consumption levels, and limit resulting negative consequences among young adults who use marijuana. The purpose of this study was to develop and conduct initial psychometric analyses on a new scale, which we named the Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana (PBSM) scale. Method: A sample of undergraduate college students who reported past-6-month marijuana use (n = 210) responded to the initial pool of PBSM items and completed measures of marijuana use, consequences from marijuana use, alcohol use, and protective behavioral strategies for alcohol. Results: Results from an iterative principal component analyses process yielded a single-factor structure with 39 items. The PBSM mean composite score negatively associated with marijuana use and consequences, with the strongest correlations evident for pastmonth users. The PBSM also significantly positively correlated with alcohol protective strategies. Conclusions: Protective behavioral strategies for marijuana appear to be a measurable construct that are related to marijuana frequency and consequences, and thus may be a useful component of intervention and prevention programs with young adults. More work testing the PBSM items with larger and more diverse samples of young adults is encouraged. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 77, 441-450, 2016)

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“…Two cross-sectional studies sampling frequent users showed that CUD users had higher rates of internalizing and substance use problems than non-CUD users (Looby & Earleywine 2007; van der Pol et al 2013). Van der Pol et al (2013) compared frequent users to a representative group of Dutch controls and detected higher rates of externalizing disorders, substance use, and childhood adversities (e.g., childhood abuse, parental divorce or absence) in CUD users and non-CUD users compared to non-users.…”

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confidence: 99%

Psychosocial functioning among regular cannabis users with and without cannabis use disorder

et al. 2017

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BACKGROUND In the United States, cannabis accessibility has continued to rise as the perception of its harmfulness has decreased. Only about 30% of regular cannabis users develop cannabis use disorder (CUD), but it is unclear if individuals who use cannabis regularly without ever developing CUD experience notable psychosocial impairment across the lifespan. Therefore, psychosocial functioning was compared across regular cannabis users with or without CUD and a non-user control group during adolescence (age 17; early risk) and young adulthood (ages 18–25; peak CUD prevalence). METHOD Weekly cannabis users with CUD (n = 311), weekly users without CUD (n = 111), and non-users (n = 996) were identified in the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Groups were compared on alcohol and illicit drug use, psychiatric problems, personality, and social functioning at age 17 and from ages 18 to 25. Self-reported cannabis use and problem use were independently verified using co-twin informant report. RESULTS In both adolescence and young adulthood, non-CUD users reported significantly higher levels of substance use problems and externalizing behaviors than non-users, but lower levels than CUD users. High agreement between self- and co-twin informant reports confirmed the validity of self-reported cannabis use problems. CONCLUSIONS Even in the absence of CUD, regular cannabis use was associated with psychosocial impairment in adolescence and young adulthood. However, regular users with CUD endorsed especially high psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial impairment. The need for early prevention and intervention - regardless of CUD status - was highlighted by the presence of these patterns in adolescence.

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Negative consequences associated with dependence in daily cannabis users

Cited by 73 publications

References 41 publications

Problems with the Identification of ‘Problematic' Cannabis Use: Examining the Issues of Frequency, Quantity, and Drug Use Environment

Problems with the Identification of ‘Problematic' Cannabis Use: Examining the Issues of Frequency, Quantity, and Drug Use Environment

Measuring Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana Use Among Young Adults

Psychosocial functioning among regular cannabis users with and without cannabis use disorder

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