Negative air ions created by water shearing improve erythrocyte deformability and aerobic metabolism

Iwama, Hiroshi

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00254.x

Cited by 53 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In nature, NAI can be generated by the minute shearing of water droplets, radioactive components of soil, cosmic radiation, ultraviolet rays, coronal discharge or lightning, and forests (Krueger and Reed 1976;Yates et al 1986;Iwama 2004). Of these, forests are the main continuous natural source of NAI (Wang and Li 2009), because leaf tips have a photoelectric effect during photosynthesis, which are able to promote electrolysis and produce large quantities of NAI (Tikhonov et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of negative air ions in urban forests, Shanghai, China

Liang

Chen

Jun-guang

et al. 2014

Journal of Forestry Research

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Negative air ions are natural components of the air we breathe. Forests are the main continuous natural source of negative air ions (NAI). The spatio-temporal patterns of negative air ions were explored in Shanghai, based on monthly monitoring in 15 parks from March 2009 to February 2010. In each park, sampling sites were selected in forests and open spaces. The annual variation in negative air ion concentrations (NAIC) showed peak values from June to October and minimum values from December to January. NAIC were highest in summer and autumn, intermediate in spring, and lowest in winter. During spring and summer, NAIC in open spaces were significantly higher in rural areas than those in suburban areas. However, there were no significant differences in NAIC at forest sites among seasons. For open spaces, total suspended particles (TSP) were the dominant determining factor of NAIC in summer, and air temperature and air humidity were the dominant determining factors of NAIC in spring, which were tightly correlated with Shanghai'songoing urbanization and its impacts on the environment. It is suggested that urbanization could induce variation in NAIC along the urban-rural gradient, but that may not change the temporal variation pattern. Furthermore, the effects of urbanization on NAIC were limited in non-vegetated or less-vegetated sites, such as open spaces, but not in well-vegetated areas, such as urban forests. Therefore, we suggest that urban greening, especially urban forest, has significant resistance to the

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of negative air ions in urban forests, Shanghai, China

Liang

Chen

Jun-guang

et al. 2014

Journal of Forestry Research

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“…The physical characterization of waterfall-generated ions was part of a randomized controlled clinical study, which focused on the influence of these waterfall generated ions and aerosols on human lung function. Physiological and medical effects of ions and waterfalls has been described (Iwama, 2004;Yamada et al, 2005;Takahashi et al, 2008), but interpretation of specific health-related effects still require a thorough physical characterization. In the present study we analyzed five waterfalls with respect to their distribution of ions.…”

Section: Air Ions In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

et al. 2012

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Abstract. During a three-year field campaign of measuring waterfall generated ions, we monitored five different waterfalls in the Austrian Alps. Most measurements were performed at the Krimml waterfall (Salzburg, Austria), which is the biggest waterfall in Europe, and the Gartl waterfall (Mölltal, Austria). We characterized spatial, time and size distributions of waterfall-generated ions under the influence of surrounding topography. The smallest ions with boundary diameters of 0.9, 1.5 and 2 nm, were measured with a cylindrical air ion detector (CDI-06), while ion sizes from 5.5 to 350 nm were measured using a modified Grimm SMPS aerosol spectrometer. High negative ion concentration gradients are detected in the vicinity of the waterfalls, whereas the increase of positive ions was only moderate. Ions in the nano range were the most abundant at 2 nm, and at 120 nm in the sub-micrometer range.

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“…For example, systems for generation of NAI can be broadly divided into water-generated NAI systems based on the Lenard effect and electrically-generated NAI systems using corona discharge, and it has been suggested that water-generated NAI have a longer lifetime after generation and more beneficial effects on autonomic regulation, immunologic activation, and aerobic metabolism (Ryushi et al 1998;Iwama 2004;Yamada et al 2006). In addition, it has been reported that exposure to large quantities of NAI (>300,000 NAI cm −3 ) injures tissue possibly as a result of generation of superoxide (Yates et al 1986;Goldstein and Arshavskaya 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of negative air ions on activity of neural substrates involved in autonomic regulation in rats

et al. 2008

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The neural mechanism by which negative air ions (NAI) mediate the regulation of autonomic nervous system activity is still unknown. We examined the effects of NAI on physiological responses, such as blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) as well as neuronal activity, in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus ambiguus (NA), and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) with c-Fos immunohistochemistry in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats. In addition, we performed cervical vagotomy to reveal the afferent pathway involved in mediating the effects of NAI on autonomic regulation. NAI significantly decreased BP and HR, and increased HF power of the HRV spectrum. Significant decreases in c-Fos positive nuclei in the PVN and LC, and enhancement of c-Fos expression in the NA and NTS were induced by NAI. After vagotomy, these physiological and neuronal responses to NAI were not observed. These findings suggest that NAI can modulate autonomic regulation through inhibition of neuronal activity in PVN and LC as well as activation of NA neurons, and that these effects of NAI might be mediated via the vagus nerves.

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Negative air ions created by water shearing improve erythrocyte deformability and aerobic metabolism

Cited by 53 publications

References 17 publications

The spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of negative air ions in urban forests, Shanghai, China

The spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of negative air ions in urban forests, Shanghai, China

Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

Effects of negative air ions on activity of neural substrates involved in autonomic regulation in rats

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