Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) of West African origin as a protectant of stored maize¹

Abstract

Neem seed was toxic to the adults of Sitophilus oryzae L., S. zeamais Motsch., Cryptolestes ferrugineus Steph. and Rhizopertha dominica F. but not to Tribolium castaneum Hbst. Neem seed and leaf effectively reduced the productivity of all the beetles screened and the adult emergence of Sitotroga cerealella Ol. and Ephestia cautella Walk. Neem leaf/seed exerted its action by disturbing larval development or by reducing the adult fecundity. Neem seed effectively protected maize for 3 months against S. zeamais and R. dominica but not against S. oryzae. However on prolonged storage under warm and humid conditions, the stored grain could spoil due to growth of the neem seed‐borne fungus of the Aspergillus species. Zusammenfassung Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), westafrikanischer Herkunft, als Schutzmittel bei gelagertem Mais Neem‐Blätter und ‐Kerne aus Togo (Westafrika) verminderten die Nachzucht von Vorratsschädlingen auf Mais durch Störung der Larvalentwicklung bei Tribolium castaneum und Ephestia cautella. Bei Sitophilus oryzae, S. zeamais, Cryptolestes ferrugineus und Rhizopertha dominica wurde offenbar die Fruchtbarkeit der Elterntiere vermindert. Neem‐Kerne waren wirksamer als Neem‐Blätter. Sie wirkten für alle getesteten Insekten außer für Tribolium castaneum toxisch. Neem‐Kerne in einer Konzentration von 4.0% schützten Mais bei 30 ± 0.5 °C/80 ± 5% r.F. über eine Zeit von 3 Monaten gegen S. zeamais und R. dominica. Jedoch konnte unter diesen feucht‐heißen Lagerbedingungen das Lagergut durch Pilze der Gattung Aspergillus, die von den Neem‐Kernen stammten, geschädigt werden.

Comparative efficacy of NeemAzal and local botanicals derived from Azadirachta indica and Plectranthus glandulosus against Sitophilus zeamais on maize

“…The NSO from Cameroon proved to be far more toxic than that from Pakistan, because at a concentration of 6 ml/kg it caused complete mortality of S. zeamais on maize within 7 days, whereas the oil from Pakistan at an application rate of 50 ml/kg caused only 73% mortality to Sitophilus granarius L. on wheat after 30 days (Anwar et al 2005). After 14 days using NSP from Togo (West Africa) at 40 g/kg on maize caused only 30% mortality to S. zeamais (Pereira and Wohlgemuth 1982), compared to 96% mortality in the present study for the same concentration and exposure period. However, with the concentration of 40 g/kg and after 14 days, Chouka (2007) obtained 38% mortality of S. zeamais with the NSP from a different locality in Cameroon, and this result is similar to that of Pereira and Wohlgemuth (1982) with NSP from Togo.…”

“…After 14 days using NSP from Togo (West Africa) at 40 g/kg on maize caused only 30% mortality to S. zeamais (Pereira and Wohlgemuth 1982), compared to 96% mortality in the present study for the same concentration and exposure period. However, with the concentration of 40 g/kg and after 14 days, Chouka (2007) obtained 38% mortality of S. zeamais with the NSP from a different locality in Cameroon, and this result is similar to that of Pereira and Wohlgemuth (1982) with NSP from Togo. These results corroborate the numerous findings that the activity of botanicals varies across geographical locations (Kaushik et al 2007;Abdalla et al 2010).…”

Integration of Calneem® oil and parasitoids to control Cadra cautella and Corcyra cephalonica in stored grain cereals

“…For this reason alone, results of many studies conducted with NSKE are often quite variable. Pereira and Wohlgemuth (1982) observed a suppressive effect of 91.3%, 98% and 99.3% on the adult emergence of Sitotroga cerealella when maize was treated with NSKE powder at dosages of 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0%, respectively. Maurer (1983) tested the effect of methanolic NSKE on Ephestia kuehniella in coarse wheat meal at dosages of 500,250,125,60,15,8,4, 2, 1, and 0.5 ppm of NSKE and found that dosages of 4 ppm NSKE or more resulted in 100% mortality of E. kuehniella larvae.…”

Combined Larvicidal and Pupicidal Action of Coriandrum sativum, Piper nigrum and Synthetic Insecticide Cypermethrin Against the Dengue Fever Mosquito, Aedes Aegypti L.

“…Insect pests have been controlled with synthetic insecticide over 50 years but problems of pesticide resistance and negative effects on non-target organisms, including human and environment have been reported (FAO, 1992). Botanical insecticides are considered as alternatives to the synthetic chemicals for being biodegradable, pest specific, non-hazardous to human health and environment and leaving no toxic residue in nature (Periera and Wohlgemuth, 1982).…”