Necrotizing Encephalitis in a Yorkshire Terrier: Clinical, Imaging, and Pathologic Findings

Lotti, D.; Capucchio, Maria Teresa; Gaidolfi, Elena; Merlo, Monica

doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00889.x

Cited by 29 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The disease primarily affecting the cerebral hemispheres has been described in Pug, Maltese, and Yorkshire terrier [6][7][8][9][12][13][14]. Even though the cause of this disease is unknown, the brain lesions are quite similar to those of alpha herpes virus meningoencephalitis in human beings [6].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, the microcavitations, the necrosis and the extensive sclerosis are different features from GME [8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Histologically, NME is similar to granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) in dogs on the basis of the dense aggregations of inflammatory cells, around blood vessels, especially lymphocytes, reticulohistocytes and macrophages (perivascular cuffing) [6,8]. However, the microcavitations, the necrosis and the extensive sclerosis are different features from GME [8].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Cyclosporine is a lipophilic peptide with poor blood-brain barrier permeability that may be effectively trapped in the cerebral endothelial cells and the choroids plexuses [1]. Because NME is a perivascular disease as GME, a therapeutic cyclosporine concentration is most likely present in affected areas of the CNS [1,6,8].…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Comparison of Combination Therapy (Cyclosporine plus Prednisolone) with Sole Prednisolone Therapy in 7 Dogs with Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis

Jung

Kang

Park

et al. 2007

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Administration of immunosuppressive doses of glucocorticosteroids is the traditional primary treatment in necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) in dogs. However, response is variable and clinical signs often recur quickly with tapering dosage. Prognosis is poor and long-term therapy causes many complications. In the present study, we compared the long-term effects of combination (cyclosporine plus prednisolone) therapy with sole prednisolone therapy in management in dogs with NME. All NME cases in this study were examined with magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and confirmed by histopathologic examination. The mean survival time of combination therapy group was 305.7 ± 94.7 days. The mean survival time of sole prednisolone therapy group was 58.3 ± 30.5 days. This case report demonstrates that combination treatment of cyclosporine with prednisolone is more effective in survival time than administration of only prednisolone in NME cases.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the microcavitations, the necrosis and the extensive sclerosis are different features from GME [8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparison of Combination Therapy (Cyclosporine plus Prednisolone) with Sole Prednisolone Therapy in 7 Dogs with Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis

Jung

Kang

Park

et al. 2007

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…In addition to the Pug, several other breeds of dog develop NME [3,6,7]. In our previous study [4], we found that both Pugs and non-Pug dogs with NME possess anti-GFAP autoantibodies in the CSF.…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

Serial Examinations of Anti-GFAP Autoantibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluids in Canine Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis

Matsuki

Takahashi

Yaegashi

et al. 2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) is characterized by autoantibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs). To clarify the time-course changes in autoantibodies, serial examinations were conducted in three dogs with NME (two Pugs and a Pomeranian) that were treated by immunosuppressive therapy. The Pugs retained high autoantibody titers throughout the observation periods (146 and 813 days) and died with neurological signs. On the other hand, the Pomeranian switched from being positive for autoantibody to negative after day 580, and its NME seemed to be in clinical remission until death on day 1238. Therefore, the anti-GFAP autoantibodies can be detected over time in canine NME even during immunosuppressive therapies. However, the autoantibodies can also disappear within a certain period after onset. KEY WORDS: autoantibody, canine, necrotizing meningoencephalitis.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 71(1): 99-100, 2009 Canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) is an idiopathic disease that affects specific breeds such as the Pug and Maltese [1,6]. While there is little information about the pathogenesis of NME, we have previously reported that almost all NME cases possess autoantibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in their cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) [4,5,8]. Our data suggests that the CSF autoantibodies can be used as a diagnostic marker of NME; however, the time-course changes in autoantibody titers remain unclear. There also remains a question of whether the antibody can be detected both in the acute and chronic stages of NME, especially under certain immunosuppressive therapies. In the present report, serial examinations of anti-GFAP autoantibodies were conducted in three dogs with NME.Case 1 (an 8-month-old female Pug) was referred to the University of Tokyo Veterinary Medical Center with a day history of tonic-clonic seizures, lethargy and ataxia. Brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) at admission revealed diffuse inflammation in the cerebrum. A diagnosis of NME (acute stage) was tentatively made, and the dog was treated with prednisolone (1-2 mg/kg/day) and phenobarbital (4-8 mg/kg/day). While seizures were partially controlled over the following months, the dog's mental status was not improved. The dog died on day 146, and the diagnosis of NME was histopathologically confirmed. Anti-GFAP autoantibodies were tested on days 1 and 146 by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test as previously described [4]. Briefly, five-micrometer frozen sections of the normal canine brain cortex were dried, fixed with cold acetone, blocked with normal goat serum (1:50) and incubated with CSFs at dilutions of 1:1, 1:10 and 1:100 at room temperature for 60 min. After washing, FITC-conjugated goat anticanine IgG (1:400, Bethyl, Montogomery, TX, U.S.A.) was added for 60 min. The slides were then washed, mounted with Vectashield (Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA, U.S.A.) and analyzed using a fluorescent microscope. In Case 1, both CSFs revealed high titers (1:100...

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Veterinary Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Bagley¹,

Gavin²,

Holmes³

2009

Practical Small Animal MRI

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Necrotizing Encephalitis in a Yorkshire Terrier: Clinical, Imaging, and Pathologic Findings

Cited by 29 publications

References 9 publications

A Comparison of Combination Therapy (Cyclosporine plus Prednisolone) with Sole Prednisolone Therapy in 7 Dogs with Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis

A Comparison of Combination Therapy (Cyclosporine plus Prednisolone) with Sole Prednisolone Therapy in 7 Dogs with Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis

Serial Examinations of Anti-GFAP Autoantibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluids in Canine Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis

Veterinary Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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