Veterinary Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Bagley, Rodney S.; Gavin, Patrick R.; Holmes, Shannon P.

doi:10.1002/9780813810324.ch2

Cited by 6 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 304 publications

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“…On MRI a variety of forms of cellular injury, swelling, and edema can cause T2‐W hyperintensity within the spinal cord and T2‐W sequences are useful for detecting these sites . Hemorrhage, however, can have a variety of signal intensities depending on the age of the hemorrhage and stage of clot formation and can appear similar to vasogenic edema on T2‐W and T1‐W when under 24‐h old . Gradient echo (GRE) sequences are generally more useful in the detection of hemorrhage due to the fact that they are sensitive to the local magnetic field disruptions generated by the iron content of blood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gradient echo (GRE) sequences are generally more useful in the detection of hemorrhage due to the fact that they are sensitive to the local magnetic field disruptions generated by the iron content of blood. Depending on the stage of hemorrhage, GRE sequences usually highlight blood as a signal void on the image . Signal changes within the traumatized spinal cord have been correlated with neurological status and outcome in human spinal trauma patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…33 Hemorrhage, however, can have a variety of signal intensities depending on the age of the hemorrhage and stage of clot formation and can appear similar to vasogenic edema on T2-W and T1-W when under 24-h old. 34 Gradient echo (GRE) sequences are generally more useful in the detection of hemorrhage due to the fact that they are sensitive to the local magnetic field disruptions generated by the iron content of blood. De-pending on the stage of hemorrhage, GRE sequences usually highlight blood as a signal void on the image.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…De-pending on the stage of hemorrhage, GRE sequences usually highlight blood as a signal void on the image. 34 Signal changes within the traumatized spinal cord have been correlated with neurological status and outcome in human spinal trauma patients. Specifically, the presence of suspected intramedullary hemorrhage, spinal cord edema, and swelling on MRI has been associated with a poor prognosis for neurological recovery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Suspected Vertebral Instability Associated With Fracture or Subluxation in Eleven Dogs

Johnson

Beltrán

Dennis

et al. 2012

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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The purpose of this study was to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of suspected instability in dogs with vertebral fractures or subluxations. Eleven dogs that had MRI examinations of the spine prior to surgical stabilization of vertebral fractures and/or subluxations were included in the study. Nine dogs also had survey radiographs. Four dogs had cervical fracture or fracture-subluxation and presented with tetraplegia with intact nociception (n = 2) or nonambulatory tetraparesis (n = 2). Seven dogs had thoracolumbar fracture-subluxation or subluxation and presented with paraplegia with intact nociception (n = 5) or nonambulatory paraparesis (n = 2). A three-compartment model was applied to the interpretation of both the radiographic and MRI studies. Radiography identified compartmental disruption consistent with spinal instability in seven out of the nine cases radiographed. In MRI studies, rupture of the supportive soft tissue structures and/or fracture in at least two compartments could be visualized. Nine cases had spinal cord changes on MRI including signal intensity changes, swelling, compression, and intramedullary hemorrhage. Paravertebral muscle intensity changes were also visible at each trauma site. Magnetic resonance imaging provided helpful information on the location and extent of damage to supportive soft tissue structures and enabled assessment of spinal cord injury in this group of dogs with surgically confirmed vertebral fractures and subluxations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Suspected Vertebral Instability Associated With Fracture or Subluxation in Eleven Dogs

Johnson

Beltrán

Dennis

et al. 2012

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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“…In fact, large ventricles are a common incidental finding in brachycephalic dog breeds [ 1 – 4 ] and have been referred to as “ventriculomegaly” to differentiate this finding from relevant internal hydrocephalus. These dogs are considered to be asymptomatic and are not thought to have associated increased intraventricular pressure (IVP) [ 5 – 7 ]. However, there is no threshold level of ventricular volume that discriminates the two conditions [ 8 – 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic resonance imaging signs of high intraventricular pressure - comparison of findings in dogs with clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus and asymptomatic dogs with ventriculomegaly

et al. 2015

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BackgroundMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of canine brains with enlarged ventricles in asymptomatic dogs were compared to those in dogs with clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus, in order to determine the imaging findings indicative of a relevant increase in intraventricular pressure. Discrimination between clinically relevant hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly based on MRI findings has not been established yet and is anything but trivial because of the wide variation in ventricular size in different dog breeds and individuals. The MRI scans of the brains of 67 dogs of various breeds, skull conformation and weight were reviewed retrospectively. Based on clinical and imaging findings, the dogs were divided into three groups: a normal group (n = 20), a group with clinically silent ventriculomegaly (n = 25) and a group with severe clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus (n = 22). In addition to the ventricle/brain-index, a number of potential subjective signs of increased intraventricular pressure were recorded and compared between the groups.ResultsThe ventricle/brain-index was significantly higher in dogs with relevant hydrocephalus (p < 0.001) and a threshold value of 0.6 was specified as a discriminator between internal hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly. Other MR imaging findings associated with clinically relevant hydrocephalus were an elevation of the corpus callosum (p < 0.01), dorsoventral flattening of the interthalamic adhesion (p < 0.0001), periventricular edema (p < 0.0001), dilation of the olfactory recesses (p < 0.0001), thinning of the cortical sulci (p < 0.0001) and/or the subarachnoid space (p < 0.0027) and disruption of the internal capsule adjacent to the caudate nucleus (p < 0.0001).ConclusionA combination of the abovementioned criteria may support a diagnosis of hydrocephalus that requires treatment.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0479-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Anatomy of the brain of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) using magnetic resonance imaging

da Silva Alves,

Vulcano,

Girotto

et al. 2024

Anat Histol Embryol

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Capybara is considered the largest living rodent and is widespread distributed in the South America and in the Brazilian territory. The purpose of this study was to provide the anatomical description of the brain in the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Brains of ten normal capybaras were imaged and sectioned in the anatomical studies. MRI was acquired on 0.25 Tesla equipment, promoting good‐quality images capable to identify and classify the main anatomical structures of clinical interest. MRI reference images were validated by comparing them with gross anatomical sections. The capybara sulci and gyri were named for its similar location and orientation to those described in the previous descriptions in the capybara and in the domestic dog. Capybaras presented prominent cerebral sulcus and gyrus in relation to other caviomorph rodents, but in reduced number when compared to domestic animals and other wild mammals such as elephants and giraffes. The findings of this study indicate that the shape of the capybara brain is remarkably similar to that of the caviomorph rodents with a higher neocortilization. The capybara rhinencephalon was well‐developed implying a good sense of smell. Due to this development of the rhinencephalon, we can suggest that capybara brain is a macrosmatic brain. The MRI and gross anatomical sections of capybara brain may help veterinary researchers and clinicians increase the accuracy of brain MRI scans interpretation in these animals.

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Veterinary Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Cited by 6 publications

References 304 publications

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Suspected Vertebral Instability Associated With Fracture or Subluxation in Eleven Dogs

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Suspected Vertebral Instability Associated With Fracture or Subluxation in Eleven Dogs

Magnetic resonance imaging signs of high intraventricular pressure - comparison of findings in dogs with clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus and asymptomatic dogs with ventriculomegaly

Anatomy of the brain of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) using magnetic resonance imaging

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