Neck forces and moments of human volunteers and post mortem human surrogates in low-speed frontal sled tests

Beeman, Stephanie M.; Kemper, Andrew R.; Duma, Stefan M.

doi:10.1080/15389588.2016.1205190

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The mean head excursion was significantly influenced by the awareness and was decreased for the aware trials to 140.8 ± 38 mm ( Table 1 ), compared to 168 ± 35 mm at the peak deceleration of the sled (2.6 g) in the previous study [ 36 ]. Beeman et al [ 11 , 12 , 13 ] observed a 124 ± 9 mm head excursion at 2.5 g for relaxed volunteers in the driver’s position with the arms acting against the steering wheel. Ólafsdóttir et al [ 20 ] found a similarly reduced head excursion contributed to the reflexive response evoked by the belt pre-tensioner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kinematic data from the motion capture were used for the planar-inverse-dynamics analysis to estimate the neck-muscle loads during the impact [ 13 , 36 , 41 , 42 ]. The head was considered as a rigid body connected to the neck at the occipital condyles (OC).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The voluntary activation is initiated by the occupant to adjust the posture or to brace in a critical situation [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Studies with volunteers subjected to conditions of low-severity frontal impacts, vehicle braking or lane-change manoeuvres observed smaller displacements of the upper body and a shorter onset of the neck-muscle activity when the volunteers were braced [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Significant effects of muscle activation level and timing related to the relaxed or tensed state were also found from computer simulations of the head and neck dynamics in the pre-crash phase and with frontal impact [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating the Effects of Awareness on Neck-Muscle Loading in Frontal Impacts with EMG and MC Sensors

Kraśna

Đorđević

2020

Sensors

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Critical traffic situations, such as vehicle collisions and emergency manoeuvres, can cause an occupant to respond with reflex and voluntary actions. These affect the occupant’s position and dynamic loading during interactions with the vehicle’s restraints, possibly compromising their protective function. Electromyography (EMG) is a commonly used method for measuring active muscle response and can also provide input parameters for computer simulations with models of the human body. The recently introduced muscle-contraction (MC) sensor is a wearable device with a piezo-resistive element for measuring the force of an indenting tip pressing against the surface of the body. The study aimed to compare how data collected simultaneously with EMG, video motion capture, and the novel MC sensor are related to neck-muscle loading. Sled tests with low-severity frontal impacts were conducted, assuming two different awareness conditions for seated volunteers. The activity of the upper trapezius muscle was measured using surface EMG and MC sensors. The neck-muscle load F was estimated from an inverse dynamics analysis of the head’s motion captured in the sagittal plane. The volunteers’ response to impact was predominantly reflexive, with significantly shorter onset latencies and more bracing observed when the volunteers were aware of the impact. Cross-correlations between the EMG and MC, EMG and F, and F and MC data were not changed significantly by the awareness conditions. The MC signal was strongly correlated (r = 0.89) with the neck-muscle loading F in the aware and unaware conditions, while the mean ΔF-MC delays were 21.0 ± 15.1 ms and 14.6 ± 12.4 ms, respectively. With the MC sensor enabling a consistent measurement-based estimation of the muscle loading, the simultaneous acquisition of EMG and MC signals improves the assessment of the reflex and voluntary responses of a vehicle’s occupant subjected to low-severity loading.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating the Effects of Awareness on Neck-Muscle Loading in Frontal Impacts with EMG and MC Sensors

Kraśna

Đorđević

2020

Sensors

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“…Muscle activity can affect the body posture and dynamic response of the occupant’s body in low-velocity vehicle collisions, evasive braking, and steering manoeuvres (as well as deployment of autonomous collision avoidance systems) [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Bracing and occupant body dynamics may also influence the injury outcome in low-severity impacts [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anderst et al [34] used the inverse dynamics approach to estimate neck muscle forces, where in vivo motion data was used to drive a numerical model of the head-neck complex, but for slow voluntary motion only. Funk et al [35] verified that the inverse dynamics approach can be used for the neck load estimation in case of impact forces acting to the head, while Seacrist et al [36] and Beeman et al [2,3,4] analysed volunteers’ neck loads during low-velocity frontal impacts. However, the joint moment results from the action of the whole muscle group, the electrical activity of which cannot be assessed with a single EMG electrode, making it difficult to correlate the EMG signal to the body dynamic response directly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Approach to Measuring Muscle Mechanics in Vehicle Collision Conditions

Kraśna

Đorđević

Hribernik

et al. 2017

Sensors

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The aim of the study was to evaluate a novel approach to measuring neck muscle load and activity in vehicle collision conditions. A series of sled tests were performed on 10 healthy volunteers at three severity levels to simulate low-severity frontal impacts. Electrical activity—electromyography (EMG)—and muscle mechanical tension was measured bilaterally on the upper trapezius. A novel mechanical contraction (MC) sensor was used to measure the tension on the muscle surface. The neck extensor loads were estimated based on the inverse dynamics approach. The results showed strong linear correlation (Pearson’s coefficient r¯P = 0.821) between the estimated neck muscle load and the muscle tension measured with the MC sensor. The peak of the estimated neck muscle force delayed 0.2 ± 30.6 ms on average vs. the peak MC sensor signal compared to the average delay of 61.8 ± 37.4 ms vs. the peak EMG signal. The observed differences in EMG and MC sensor collected signals indicate that the MC sensor offers an additional insight into the analysis of the neck muscle load and activity in impact conditions. This approach enables a more detailed assessment of the muscle-tendon complex load of a vehicle occupant in pre-impact and impact conditions.

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Neck Muscle and Head/Neck Kinematic Responses While Bracing Against the Steering Wheel During Front and Rear Impacts

et al. 2020

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Neck forces and moments of human volunteers and post mortem human surrogates in low-speed frontal sled tests

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

Estimating the Effects of Awareness on Neck-Muscle Loading in Frontal Impacts with EMG and MC Sensors

Estimating the Effects of Awareness on Neck-Muscle Loading in Frontal Impacts with EMG and MC Sensors

A Novel Approach to Measuring Muscle Mechanics in Vehicle Collision Conditions

Neck Muscle and Head/Neck Kinematic Responses While Bracing Against the Steering Wheel During Front and Rear Impacts

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