Nebulizers and spacers for aerosol delivery through adult nasal cannula at low oxygen flow rate: An in-vitro study

Effects of Fill Volume and Humidification on Aerosol Delivery During Single-Limb Noninvasive Ventilation

“…Salbutamol entrained on the filter was described as total inhaled dose (aerosol emitted) and assayed for salbutamol using previously validated highperformance liquid chromatography. 12,13,25,26,32,33 We used the 25 mm ϫ 4.6 mm Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 and the ODS1 column (Agilant), through which the mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile and water (0.1% phosphoric acid) (90:10, v/v) was pumped at 1 mL/min using the 1260 Infinity preparative pump (G1361A, Agilant) the 1260 Infinity Diode array detector VL (G131SD, Agilant) was set at 225 nm with an injection volume 100 L. Calibration solutions ranged from 4 to 100 g/mL (weight/volume). Limit of detection was 0.35 g/mL, and the lower limit of quantification was 2.55 g/mL.…”

Performance of Large Spacer Versus Nebulizer T-Piece in Single-Limb Noninvasive Ventilation

“…The choice of inhaled salbutamol dosage was in accordance with previous literature. 16,18,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] As recommended previously in studies that used single-limb NIV, 10,30 the nebulizers were placed proximal to the subject and distal to the fixed expiratory valve, as shown in Figure 1.…”

Effect of a Nebulizer Holding Chamber on Aerosol Delivery

“…A lung simulator (model 5600i; Michigan Instruments, Grand Rapids, MI) was used to provide spontaneous breathing, with a tidal volume of 500 mL, frequency of 15 breaths/min, and inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio of 1:1, which represent adults with a quiet breathing pattern, in accordance with the European Standard EN 13544 -16 (CEN methodology). 7 An electrostatic filter enclosed within a filter holder (Pari, Starnberg, Germany) was attached to the simulator from one side and the nebulizer-adapter combination from the other side, as shown in Figure 2. This filter traps all the aerosol produced during the inhalation period of a breathing cycle and thus provides a good measure of the in vitro emitted aerosol available for inhalation.…”