Near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 single-crystal growth by metal strip-heated zone melting technique

Growth of Large Size Lithium Niobate Single Crystals of High Quality by Tilting-mirror-type Floating Zone Method

“…In case of TMFZ furnace, the tilting angle, θ was 20°. It has been reported that this tilting condition is the best for growth of good quality large diameter single crystals with most stabilized molten zone 1,8 .…”

“…Then the powder was grinded again and filled into a rubber tube using a long glass bar, and shaped into a rod. After sealing, the rod was pressed up to 3×10 8 Pa using a cold isostatic pressing machine (Nikkiso Co., Ltd.: model CL3-22-60). The pressed rods were typically 18 -20 mm in diameter and ~ 150 mm in length.…”

“…LN single crystals are important materials for optical waveguides, mobile phones, piezoelectric sensors, optical modulators, photorefractive devices, optical frequency multipliers, surface acoustic wave devices and various linear and non linear optical applications [3][4][5][6][7] . It has negative uniaxial birefringence which depends slightly on the stoichiometry and strongly on the crystal structure and temperature 8 . A LiNbO 3 crystal is one of the most promising materials in optoelectronics owing to its excellent optical properties 9,10 .…”

Growth of large-diameter nearly stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals by continuous melt supplying system

“…In the past decade, several methods were reported to successfully obtain NSLN crystals, such as adding K 2 O flux [8], vapor transport equilibration (VTE) [9], double crucible [10][11][12], and zone melting techniques [13]. Among these methods, double crucible technique is the most successful one for commercial usage.…”

Investigations of the growth mechanism of stoichiometric LiNbO3 fibers grown by the laser-heated pedestal growth method

“…Kitamura et al [7] have reported that stoichiometric LN can be grown from a 58 mol% Li-rich melt by the continuouscharge double-crucible Czochralski method. Ni et al [8] have employed a floating zone technique to grow stoichiometric LN from seed rod with congruent composition and feed rod with stoichiometric composition. Although many techniques have been developed to grow incongruent LN crystals, no work has been done on their preparation by the laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) technique.…”