Near-infrared cavity ringdown spectroscopy of water vapor in an atmospheric flame

Xie, Jinbo; Paldus, Barbara A.; Wahl, E.H.; Martin, J.; Owano, T. G.; Kruger, C.H.; Harris, James S.; Zare, Richard N.

doi:10.1016/s0009-2614(97)01341-9

Cited by 41 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The most sensitive experimental techniques for this type of work are based on lasers. Cavity ring down spectroscopy, 29 intracavity absorption spectroscopy, 30 and frequency modulation spectroscopy 31 have all been applied to detect weak water lines. These approaches are very sensitive with effective path lengths measured in kilometers but have limited spectral coverage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The near infrared, visible, and near ultraviolet overtone spectrum of water

Carleer

Jenouvrier

Vandaele

et al. 1999

The Journal of Chemical Physics

119

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New long path length, high resolution, Fourier transform spectrometer measurements for water are presented. These spectra cover the near infrared, visible, and near ultraviolet regions and contain water transitions belonging to all polyads from 3 to 8. Transitions in the range 13 100-21 400 cm Ϫ1 are analyzed using line lists computed using variational first-principles calculations. 2286 new transitions are assigned to H 2 16 O. These result in the observation of transitions in 15 new overtone and combination bands of water. Energy levels for these and other newly observed levels are presented. It is suggested that local mode rather than normal mode vibrational assignments are more appropriate for the vibrational states of water in polyads 4 and above.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The near infrared, visible, and near ultraviolet overtone spectrum of water

Carleer

Jenouvrier

Vandaele

et al. 1999

The Journal of Chemical Physics

119

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“…This effect has also been noted by Xie et al who used CRDS to obtain water-vapor rotational temperature and concentration profiles as a function of distance above a plane burner. 17 An increase in baseline noise was noted for these measurements due to refractive index variations. This suspected ''beam steering'' by strong index-ofrefraction gradients can limit the sensitivity achievable in combustion and plasma environments.…”

Section: Combustion and Plasma Processingmentioning

confidence: 90%

Cavity Ringdown Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

Miller

Winstead

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Cavity ringdown laser absorption spectroscopy (CRDS), a distinctly new variant of classical absorption spectroscopy, is based upon the time required for the intensity of a light pulse in an optical cavity to decay. The sensitivity of the technique stems from the large number of passes that the light pulse makes within the cavity. For example, mirrors of 99.99% reflectivity in a 1‐m long cavity yield a ringdown time of approximately 33.4‐µs for an empty cavity. This is equivalent to a 10‐km pathlength traveled during the first time constant! The presence of a sample having an absorbance of 1 × 10 −6 inside the cavity will yield a readily measurable change in ringdown time of approximately 1%. When compared with traditional single‐pass absorption spectroscopy, which typically detects absorbances of the order of 1 × 10 −3 , the potential of CRDS becomesclear. As for any absorption technique, the conditions for Beer's law behavior must be fulfilled. One primary advantage of the cavity ringdown method is to allow the use of the extensive wavelength operating range of pulsed lasers for absorption spectroscopy. Because CRDS depends solely on the decay time, it is unaffected by the inherent shot‐to‐shot power fluctuations of pulsed lasers. Although still in the early stages of development, CRDS has been used to study chemical species in environments ranging from molecular beams and gas cells to atmospheric pressure flames and plasmas, in spectral regions ranging from the ultraviolet (UV) to the infrared (IR). It has only been very recently, with first couplings of CRDS and atomization sources (inductively coupled plasma (ICP), graphite furnace), that the technique has broadened to include analytical atomic spectroscopy. The potential of cavity ringdown for atomic spectroscopy has been demonstrated with the determination of mercury detection limits (DLs), in air, of less than 1 part per trillion. At the time of writing (1999), CRDS is very much still in its infancy, especially with regard to analytical applications. For a possible glimpse of the future, it should be noted that as the wavelength coverage of diode lasers continues to grow, the possibilities for constructing small, ultrasensitive CRDS spectrometers for analytical atomic and molecular spectrometry continue to increase. However, any inherent advantage of CRDS over other analytical techniques will be determined by the quality of mirrors used for cavity construction, the stability of the baseline ringdown time measurement, the atomization source, and the fluorescence characteristics of the element under consideration. Although the technology associated with the ringdown technique continues to advance rapidly, CRDS is as yet a novel approach for many analytical measurements, and is sure to continue to find new areas of application. The next few years should prove very exciting as new instrumentation becomes available and the technique's full potential is explored.

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“…CES has thus provided a new analytical standard that enables rapid, on-line, in situ measurements of a variety of greenhouse gases. Measurements of H 2 O, CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , and N 2 O were initially demonstrated using pulsed CRDS, (50,51) CW-CRDS, (52 -54) and ICOS. (55) The success of these techniques has led to commercial CRDS instruments that are very high in precision for each of these compounds (e.g.…”

Section: Water Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy: Applications Theory and Instrumentation

Young

Washenfelder

Brown

2011

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Cavity‐enhanced spectroscopy (CES) is a sensitive technique for measuring the absolute optical extinction by samples that absorb or scatter light. Like other spectroscopic measurements, CES is based on measuring the change in intensity of light as it passes through an absorbing medium, CES is unique because it employs very long effective path lengths that are achieved by using highly reflective mirrors to form a high‐finesse optical cavity. A number of instrumental variations on this technique have been developed and successfully used to measure trace gas and aerosol concentrations in the atmosphere. CES is applicable to a wide range of atmospheric compounds with spectral absorptions. Detection limits vary with the application and molecule, but are typically of the order of parts per billion or parts per trillion in air.

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Near-infrared cavity ringdown spectroscopy of water vapor in an atmospheric flame

Cited by 41 publications

References 23 publications

The near infrared, visible, and near ultraviolet overtone spectrum of water

The near infrared, visible, and near ultraviolet overtone spectrum of water

Cavity Ringdown Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy: Applications Theory and Instrumentation

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