Near-future oceanic CO2 delays development and growth in early-stage larvae of the endemic New Zealand sea urchin, Evechinus chloroticus

The dopamine effect on sea urchin larvae depends on their age

“…Larvae of many sea urchin species are often used as bioindicators in a variety of ecotoxicological and ecological studies. Thus, a wealth of data exists on various morphological abnormalities of sea urchins during embryonic and larval development caused by various pollutants and environmental stressors (see Gambardella et al, 2021; Lister et al, 2017; Sewell et al, 2021, and references therein). These abnormalities include cleavage disruption, developmental arrest, altered skeletogenesis, swollen larvae, and slow or asynchronous cilia beating.…”