Near-field chipless-RFID tags with sequential bit reading implemented in plastic substrates

Herrojo, Cristian; Mata-Contreras, Javier; Paredes, Ferran; Núñez, Alba; Ramón, Eloi; Martín, Ferrán

doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.10.005

Cited by 36 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…The reader consists not only of the SRR-loaded line but also the envelope detector, plus additional electronics that are necessary to generate the harmonic (interrogation) signal. In numerous studies by Herrojo et al [50][51][52][53][54][55], the envelope detector was implemented by means of a Schottky diode (Avago HSMS-2860), an active probe which acts as a low-pass filter (with R = 1 MΩ and C = 1 pF) and an isolator to prevent reflections from the diode. In this work, an integrated circuit (Analog Devices ADL5511), able to provide the envelope function (hence reducing cost), was alternatively used.…”

Section: The Readermentioning

confidence: 99%

Very Low-Cost 80-Bit Chipless-RFID Tags Inkjet Printed on Ordinary Paper

et al. 2018

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This paper presents a time-domain, chipless-RFID system with 80-bit tags inkjet-printed on ordinary DIN A4 paper. The tags, consisting of a linear chain of resonant elements (with as many resonators as the number of identification bits plus header bits), are read sequentially and by proximity (through near-field coupling). To this end, a transmission line, fed by a harmonic (interrogation) signal tuned to the resonance frequency of the tag resonators (or close to it), is used as a reader. Thus, during reader operation, the tag chain is mechanically shifted over the transmission line so that the coupling between the line and the functional resonant elements of the tag chain is favored. Logic states that '1' and '0' are determined by the functionality and non-functionality (resonator detuning), respectively, of the resonant elements of the chain. Through near-field coupling, the transmission coefficient of the line is modulated and, as a result, the output signal is modulated in amplitude (AM), which is the identification code contained in the envelope function. As long as the tags are inkjet-printed on ordinary DIN A4 paper, the cost is minimal. Moreover, such tags can be easily programmed and erased, so that identical tags can be fabricated on a large scale (and programmed at a later stage), further reducing the cost of manufacture. The reported prototype tags, with 80 bits of information plus four header bits, demonstrate the potential of this approach, which is of particular interest to secure paper applications.

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Section: The Readermentioning

confidence: 99%

Very Low-Cost 80-Bit Chipless-RFID Tags Inkjet Printed on Ordinary Paper

et al. 2018

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“…We would like to mention that, as compared to the near-field chipless-RFID systems reported in References [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ], the main advantage of the system proposed in this paper is the fact that once the tag is positioned over the reader, a mechanical displacement for tag reading is not necessary. Nevertheless, scaling up this system to many bits is difficult, and therefore the system should be focused on applications requiring a limited number of bits.…”

Section: System Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In References [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ], a new approach for the implementation of chipless-RFID systems, based on near-field and sequential bit reading, was proposed. This is a time-domain approach, but, rather than in the echoes of a pulsed signal, the ID information is contained in the envelope of an amplitude modulated signal generated by the tag when this is displaced over the reader, in close proximity to it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the amplitude of the carrier (feeding) signal is modulated, and the ID code is contained in the envelope function, which can be inferred from an envelope detector. The functionality of this near-field chipless-RFID system has been validated by reading tags with 40 bits [ 44 ], and the robustness has been demonstrated by reading tags implemented on plastic substrates through conductive inks [ 41 ], and also on paper substrates [ 45 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Near-Field Chipless Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) Sensing and Identification System with Switching Reading

Paredes

Herrojo

Mata-Contreras

et al. 2018

Sensors

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A chipless radio-frequency identification (chipless-RFID) and sensing system, where tags are read by proximity (near-field) through a switch, is presented. The tags consist of a set of identical resonant elements (split-ring resonators or SRRs), printed or etched at predefined and equidistant positions, forming a linear chain, each SRR providing a bit of information. The logic state (‘1’ or ‘0’) associated with each resonator depends on whether it is present or not in the predefined position. The reader is an array of power splitters used to feed a set of SRR-loaded transmission lines (in equal number to the number of resonant elements, or bits, of the tag). The feeding (interrogation) signal is a harmonic (single-tone) signal tuned to a frequency in the vicinity of the fundamental resonance of the SRRs. The set of SRR-loaded lines must be designed so that the corresponding SRRs are in perfect alignment with the SRRs of the tag, provided the tag is positioned on top of the reader. Thus, in a reading operation, as long as the tag is very close to the reader, the SRRs of the tag modify (decrease) the transmission coefficient of the corresponding reader line (through electromagnetic coupling between both SRRs), and the amplitude of the output signal is severely reduced. Therefore, the identification (ID) code of the tag is contained in the amplitudes of the output signals of the SRR-loaded lines, which can be inferred sequentially by means of a switching system. Unlike previous chipless-RFID systems based on near-field and sequential bit reading, the tags in the proposed system can be merely positioned on top of the reader, conveniently aligned, without the need to mechanically place them across the reader. Since tag reading is only possible if the tag is very close to the reader, this system can be also used as a proximity sensor with applications such as target identification. The proposed chipless-RFID and sensing approach is validated by reading a designed 4-bit tag. For identification purposes, this system is of special interest in applications where a low number of bits suffice, and tag reading by proximity is acceptable (or even convenient). Applications mostly related to secure paper, particularly involving a limited number of items (e.g., exams, ballots, etc.), in order to provide authenticity and avoid counterfeiting, are envisaged. As a proximity sensor, the system may be of use in detecting and distinguishing different targets in applications such as smart packaging.

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“…Moreover, the clock chain provides the instantaneous velocity (or even the acceleration) of the encoder. It is important to highlight that this approach can also be applied to chipless RFID systems based on near-field coupling and sequential bit reading, in order to synchronously read the ID code if the relative velocity of the encoder with regard to the sensitive part of the reader is not constant [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D-Printed All-Dielectric Electromagnetic Encoders with Synchronous Reading for Measuring Displacements and Velocities

Herrojo

Paredes

Martín

2020

Sensors

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In this paper, 3D-printed electromagnetic (or microwave) encoders with synchronous reading based on permittivity contrast, and devoted to the measurement of displacements and velocities, are reported for the first time. The considered encoders are based on two chains of linearly shaped apertures made on a 3D-printed high-permittivity dielectric material. One such aperture chain contains the identification (ID) code, whereas the other chain provides the clock signal. Synchronous reading is necessary in order to determine the absolute position if the velocity between the encoder and the sensitive part of the reader is not constant. Such absolute position can be determined as long as the whole encoder is encoded with the so-called de Bruijn sequence. For encoder reading, a splitter/combiner structure with each branch loaded with a series gap and a slot resonator (each one tuned to a different frequency) is considered. Such a structure is able to detect the presence of the apertures when the encoder is displaced, at short distance, over the slots. Thus, by injecting two harmonic signals, conveniently tuned, at the input port of the splitter/combiner structure, two amplitude modulated (AM) signals are generated by tag motion at the output port of the sensitive part of the reader. One of the AM envelope functions provides the absolute position, whereas the other one provides the clock signal and the velocity of the encoder. These synchronous 3D-printed all-dielectric encoders based on permittivity contrast are a good alternative to microwave encoders based on metallic inclusions in those applications where low cost as well as major robustness against mechanical wearing and aging effects are the main concerns.

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Near-field chipless-RFID tags with sequential bit reading implemented in plastic substrates

Cited by 36 publications

References 39 publications

Very Low-Cost 80-Bit Chipless-RFID Tags Inkjet Printed on Ordinary Paper

Very Low-Cost 80-Bit Chipless-RFID Tags Inkjet Printed on Ordinary Paper

Near-Field Chipless Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) Sensing and Identification System with Switching Reading

3D-Printed All-Dielectric Electromagnetic Encoders with Synchronous Reading for Measuring Displacements and Velocities

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