“…With a fixed carbon content of (10%), our results emphasize the excellence of the produced activated carbon (Lima et al 2020). To summarize, activated carbon distinguished by elevated fixed carbon content and reduced levels of ash, volatile matter, and moisture content emerges as a desirable material for utilization in adsorption technology.…”
In the first stage of this study, activated carbon was obtained from agricultural waste hazelnut shells through chemical activation with H3PO4. Composite materials were obtained by coating the activated carbon with zinc oxide, whose BET surface area was calculated as 1278 m2/g. ZnO doped ZnO/AC composite was synthesized as an adsorbent for its possible application in the elimination of organic dyestuff MB and its removal efficiency was investigated. Morphological properties of ZnO/AC were characterized using analytical methods such as XRD, SEM, FT-IR. The adsorption system and its parameters were investigated and modeled using the response surface method of batch adsorption experiments. The experimental design consisted of three levels of pH (3, 6.5 and 10), initial MB concentration (50, 100 and 150 mg L− 1), dosage (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 g 100 mL − 1), and contact time contact time (5, 50 and 95 min). The results from the RSM suggested that the MB removal efficiency was 98.7% under optimum conditions of the experimental factors. The R2 value, which expresses the significance of the model, was determined as 99.05%. Adsorption studies showed that the equilibrium data fit well with the Langmuir isotherm model compared to Freundlich. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 270.70 mg g− 1.
“…With a fixed carbon content of (10%), our results emphasize the excellence of the produced activated carbon (Lima et al 2020). To summarize, activated carbon distinguished by elevated fixed carbon content and reduced levels of ash, volatile matter, and moisture content emerges as a desirable material for utilization in adsorption technology.…”
In the first stage of this study, activated carbon was obtained from agricultural waste hazelnut shells through chemical activation with H3PO4. Composite materials were obtained by coating the activated carbon with zinc oxide, whose BET surface area was calculated as 1278 m2/g. ZnO doped ZnO/AC composite was synthesized as an adsorbent for its possible application in the elimination of organic dyestuff MB and its removal efficiency was investigated. Morphological properties of ZnO/AC were characterized using analytical methods such as XRD, SEM, FT-IR. The adsorption system and its parameters were investigated and modeled using the response surface method of batch adsorption experiments. The experimental design consisted of three levels of pH (3, 6.5 and 10), initial MB concentration (50, 100 and 150 mg L− 1), dosage (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 g 100 mL − 1), and contact time contact time (5, 50 and 95 min). The results from the RSM suggested that the MB removal efficiency was 98.7% under optimum conditions of the experimental factors. The R2 value, which expresses the significance of the model, was determined as 99.05%. Adsorption studies showed that the equilibrium data fit well with the Langmuir isotherm model compared to Freundlich. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 270.70 mg g− 1.
“…These characteristics strengthen the bond between the adsorbent and substrate material which often results in more adsorbed material. However, the interaction of adsorbate with crystalline structure is weak because of the significant impact that crystal structure has on the adsorption process 62 . Figure 5 XRD image of Rumex abyssinicus activated carbon.…”
Methylene blue (MB) is abundantly found in textile industrial effluent which can cause severe health problems for public and environmental ecology. Therefore, this study aimed to remove MB from textile wastewater using the activated carbon developed from Rumexabyssinicus. The adsorbent was activated using chemical and thermal methods, and then it was characterized by SEM, FTIR, BET, XRD, and pH zero-point charge (pHpzc). The adsorption isotherm and kinetics were also investigated. The experimental design was composed of four factors at three levels (pH (3, 6, and 9), initial MB concentration (100, 150, and 200 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (20, 40, and 60 mg/100 mL), and contact time (20, 40, and 60 min)). The adsorption interaction was evaluated using response surface methodology. The characterization of a Rumexabyssinicus activated carbon was found to have multiple functional groups (FTIR), an amorphous structure (XRD), crack with ups and down morphology (SEM), pHpzc of 5.03 and a high BET-specific surface area of 2522 m2/g. The optimization of MB dye removal was carried out using the Response Surface methodology coupled with the Box Behnken approach. The maximum removal efficiency of 99.9% was recorded at optimum conditions of pH 9, MB concentration of 100 mg/L, the adsorbent dosage of 60 mg/100 mL, and contact time of 60 min. Among the three adsorption isotherm models, the Freundlich isotherm model was the best fit with an experimental value at R2 0.99 showing the adsorption process was heterogeneous and multilayer whereas the kinetics study revealed that pseudo-second-order at R2 0.88. Finally, this adsorption process is quite promising to be used at an industrial level.
“… 28 A variety of metal oxide nanoparticles such as ZnO, 53 TiO 2 , 54 MgO, 55 ZrO 2 , 56 CuO, 57 and Nb 2 O 5 /SiO 2 (ref. 58 ) were synthesized by the sol–gel process. For example, Patel et al 59 reported the synthesized CuO and ZnO by the sol–gel process using copper( ii ) nitrate and zinc nitrate as starting materials, respectively.…”
Photocatalysis is a more proficient technique that involves the breakdown or decomposition of different organic contaminants, various dyes, and harmful viruses and fungi using UV or visible light solar spectrum.
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