Navigating transformations from artisanal fishers to entrepreneurial scallop farmers in Chile

Abstract

The expansion of neoliberalization of fisheries in developing countries has been largely driven by political economic decisions. Artisanal fisheries and aquaculture have not been exempt from these privatization measures, the implementation of deregulation measures in the fisheries sector, and commoditization strategies oriented mainly to exports. However, little research has been done about these issues jointly in South America. Therefore, the adoption of these measures and the adaptation and transformation of artisanal fishermen to entrepreneurs were studied in the scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) fishery/aquaculture in Tongoy Bay, Chile. We use qualitative research and an analysis of historical archives to describe a series of political-economic changes, stages, and processes involved in the transformation of the sector. The analysis focuses on conflicts, resistance practices, and value regimes between fishers and farmers to explore the different moral economies at play. Our results show that (a) changes in moral economies are neither automatic nor unidirectional; (b) the State, through its economic policy, technological development institutions, and technology transfer actions, does not directly generate expected results; (c) artisanal fishers who have become entrepreneurs understand and justify competitiveness (or lack of it) because some are more entrepreneurial than others; (d) despite the adoption of neoliberal guidelines, aspects of a more traditional moral economy remain, such as the role of family units in the configuration of enterprises; and, finally, (e) artisanal fishers have moved from a traditional moral economy based on collective and historical rights to a neoliberal moral economy based on the individual and his or her capacity for self-improvement, entrepreneurship, and efficient work management.

Reproductive Conditioning of the Peruvian Scallop Argopecten purpuratus in Different Environments

“…The cultivation of A. purpuratus has been an important economic activity in the regions of Coquimbo and Atacama for more than 30 years [1,2]. Nevertheless, the development of this scallop has been subject to considerable production and commercial fluctuations, which have prevented its consolidation [3,4]. An aspect that has been a constant problem for this culture has been the variability of naturally captured juveniles (seeds), which has always been the main source of seeds used for the farmingo of A. purpuratus [5].…”