Naturally Phase-Matched Second-Harmonic Generation in a Whispering-Gallery-Mode Resonator

Fürst, Josef; Strekalov, Dmitry; Elser, Dominique; Lassen, Mikael; Andersen, Ulrik L.; Marquardt, Ch.; Leuchs, Gerd

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.104.153901

Cited by 252 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Due to the high quality factor to mode volume ratio, the nonlinear interaction strength is expected to be boosted in optical cavities. Preliminary results in millimeter sized optical resonators have already shown such trend, where efficient second harmonic generation [14,15] and sum frequency generation [16] are demonstrated. However, the realized nonlinear interaction strength on an integrated platform is normally weak, hindered by the challenges of fabricating small size, low loss optical circuits with materials featuring high χ (2) nonlinearity.…”

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confidence: 94%

On-Chip Strong Coupling and Efficient Frequency Conversion between Telecom and Visible Optical Modes

et al. 2016

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Developments in photonic chips have spurred photon based classical and quantum information processing, attributing to the high stability and scalability of integrated photonic devices [1,2]. Optical nonlinearity [3] is indispensable in these complex photonic circuits, because it allows for classical and quantum light sources, all-optical switch, modulation, and non-reciprocity in ambient environments. It is commonly known that nonlinear interactions are often greatly enhanced in the microcavities [4]. However, the manifestations of coherent photon-photon interaction in a cavity, analogous to the electromagnetically induced transparency [5], have never been reported on an integrated platform. Here, we present an experimental demonstration of the coherent photon-photon interaction induced by second order optical nonlinearity (χ (2) ) on an aluminum nitride photonic chip. The non-reciprocal nonlinear optic induced transparency is demonstrated as a result of the coherent interference between photons with different colors: ones in the visible wavelength band and ones in the telecom wavelength band. Furthermore, a wide-band frequency conversion with an almost unit internal (0.14 external) efficiency and a bandwidth up to 0.76 GHz is demonstrated.The importance of integrating nonlinear devices on a photonic chip has become more prominent due to the devices' small foot-prints and large scalability [6,7]. Second order optical nonlinearity (χ (2) ) is one of the most widely explored properties in photonics, utilizing various nonlinear materials [8][9][10][11][12][13]. χ (2) nonlinearity enables the coupling between photons with very different colors, acting as the basis for many important applications such as second harmonic generation, spontaneous parametric down conversion, optical parametric amplification and oscillation. Due to the high quality factor to mode volume ratio, the nonlinear interaction strength is expected to be boosted in optical cavities. Preliminary results in millimeter sized optical resonators have already shown such trend, where efficient second harmonic generation [14,15] and sum frequency generation [16] are demonstrated. However, the realized nonlinear interaction strength on an integrated platform is normally weak, hindered by the challenges of fabricating small size, low loss optical circuits with materials featuring high χ (2) nonlinearity.In this Letter, we demonstrate coherent interaction between photons of different colors on a scalable aluminum nitride-on-insulator [12] chip based on χ (2) optical nonlinearity. The nonlinear optic induced transparency (NOIT), as an analogue to electromagnetically induced transparency resulting from coherent photon-atom [5] or photon-phonon interactions [17][18][19][20], is reported. Due to the inherent phase matching condition, the χ (2) nonlinearity based coherent interaction and the accompanying NOIT phenomenon are non-reciprocal [19,20], which permits future applications such as non-magnetic, ultrafast optical isolators [21][22][23]. We further realize ...

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confidence: 94%

On-Chip Strong Coupling and Efficient Frequency Conversion between Telecom and Visible Optical Modes

et al. 2016

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“…In recent years, there has been increasing interest in optical parametric processes in high-Q micro-/nano-cavities, which exhibit great potential for dramatically enhancing parametric generation [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . However, their efficiencies rely crucially on frequency matching among the interacting cavity modes, which is generally deteriorated by device dispersion.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…For FWM, a χ (3) nonlinear process, current methods primarily focus on engineering groupvelocity dispersion of the devices 7,8,10,13,14,20 . For SHG, a χ (2) nonlinear process, intermodal dispersion or birefringence is generally employed to mitigate the frequency mismatch 11,12,[15][16][17][18][19] . These methods rely on manipulating material/waveguide dispersion of devices, which collectively shifts the resonance frequencies of all cavity modes by different extents.…”

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confidence: 99%

Selective engineering of cavity resonance for frequency matching in optical parametric processes

Rogers

Jiang

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

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We propose to selectively engineer a single cavity resonance to achieve frequency matching for optical parametric processes in high-Q microresonators. For this purpose, we demonstrate an approach, selective mode splitting (SMS), to precisely shift a targeted cavity resonance, while leaving other cavity modes intact. We apply SMS to achieve efficient parametric generation via four-wave mixing in high-Q silicon microresonators. The proposed approach is of great potential for broad applications in integrated nonlinear photonics.Optical parametric processes, including four-wave mixing (FWM), second-/third-harmonic generation (SHG/THG), parametric down-conversion (PDC), etc., have broad applications ranging from photonic signal processing 1,2 , tunable coherent radiation 3 , frequency metrology 4 , to quantum information processing 5 . In recent years, there has been increasing interest in optical parametric processes in high-Q micro-/nano-cavities, which exhibit great potential for dramatically enhancing parametric generation [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . However, their efficiencies rely crucially on frequency matching among the interacting cavity modes, which is generally deteriorated by device dispersion. Frequency matching is particularly challenging in high-Q cavities, due to the narrow linewidths of cavity resonances.To date, a variety of methods have been proposed for frequency matching. For FWM, a χ (3) nonlinear process, current methods primarily focus on engineering groupvelocity dispersion of the devices 7,8,10,13,14,20 . For SHG, a χ (2) nonlinear process, intermodal dispersion or birefringence is generally employed to mitigate the frequency mismatch 11,12,[15][16][17][18][19] . These methods rely on manipulating material/waveguide dispersion of devices, which collectively shifts the resonance frequencies of all cavity modes by different extents.In this paper, we propose and demonstrate an effective approach for frequency matching that can be applied universally to optical parametric processes. Instead of modifying all cavity resonances via dispersion engineering, we directly shift a single cavity resonance to a desired frequency, while leaving other cavity modes intact. This is realized by splitting the targeted cavity mode at ω m into two modes at new frequencies ω m ± β m . By controlling the magnitude of splitting, one resonance can be shifted to coincide with the desired frequency ( Fig. 1(a)). We term this approach selective mode splitting (SMS).SMS can be applied to various χ (2) /χ (3) processes ( Fig. 1(b-d)). For example, degenerate FWM requires three interacting cavity modes to be equally spaced in a) Electronic mail: qiang.lin@rochester.edu. frequency, ω signal −ω pump = ω pump −ω idler , which is often not satisfied due to device dispersion. The problem can be solved by shifting one cavity mode to the desired frequency, thus enabling parametric generation ( Fig. 1(b)). SMS is particularly useful for nonlinear processes including SHG/THG and PDC ( Fig. 1(c)(d)), where ...

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“…Whispering gallery mode (WGM) dielectric cavities, typically exhibiting high Q values but with much larger footprints, have been utilized to improve second-order nonlinear interactions 13,14 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Enhanced second-harmonic generation from metal-integrated semiconductor nanowires via highly confined whispering gallery modes

et al. 2014

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Coherent and tunable nanoscale light sources utilizing optical nonlinearities are required for applications ranging from imaging and bio-sensing to on-chip all-optical signal processing. However, owing to their small sizes, the efficiency of nanostructures even with high nonlinear coefficients is poor, therefore requiring very high excitation energies. Although surface-plasmon resonances of metal nanostructures can enhance surface nonlinear processes such as second-harmonic generation, they still suffer from low conversion efficiencies owing to their intrinsically low nonlinear coefficients. Here we show highly enhanced and directional second-harmonic generation from individual CdS nanowires integrated with silver nanocavities (41,000 times higher external efficiency compared with bare CdS), in which the lowest-order whispering gallery mode is engineered to concentrate light in the nonlinear material while minimizing Ohmic losses. The directional nonlinear signal is redirected into another waveguide, which is then utilized to configure an optical router that can potentially serve as a tunable coherent light source to enable on-chip signal processing for integrated nanophotonic systems.

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Naturally Phase-Matched Second-Harmonic Generation in a Whispering-Gallery-Mode Resonator

Cited by 252 publications

References 26 publications

On-Chip Strong Coupling and Efficient Frequency Conversion between Telecom and Visible Optical Modes

On-Chip Strong Coupling and Efficient Frequency Conversion between Telecom and Visible Optical Modes

Selective engineering of cavity resonance for frequency matching in optical parametric processes

Enhanced second-harmonic generation from metal-integrated semiconductor nanowires via highly confined whispering gallery modes

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