Natural spawning and larval rearing of milkfish in captivity in Indonesia

Prijono, Agus; Tridjoko,; Giri, I Nyoman Adiasmara; Poernomo, Alie; Vanstone, W. E.; Lim, Chhorn; Daulay, T.

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(88)90092-0

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The present study also demonstrates that cool temperature alone may be sufficient to ensure high survival among handled and transported milkfish stocks. Indeed, previous reports in adult milkfish agree with the present data ( Kelley & Lee 1986; Prijono et al . 1988 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…The present study also demonstrates that cool temperature alone may be suf®cient to ensure high survival among handled and transported milk®sh stocks. Indeed, previous reports in adult milk®sh agree with the present data (Kelley & Lee 1986;Prijono et al 1988). But, unlike the present study, these earlier reports incurred mortalities (12±85%) after 15±28 h of overland and boat transport in open tanks despite the lower loading densities (15 vs. 27±45 kg m ±3 ) used.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Published reports on transporting milkfish broodstock are largely anecdotal, presenting no or little experimental evidence to support the efficacy of the methods used. In these reports ( Nash & Kuo 1976; Kelley & Lee 1986; Prijono, Tridjoko, Giri, Poernomo, Vanstone, Lim & Daulay 1988), the temperature and salinity of sea water in open tanks during transit were reduced (23–26 °C and 20 g L −1 respectively), and oxygen bubbled constantly. Reported survival rates were conflicting and did not show cumulative mortalities over several weeks after handling and transport of milkfish.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survival of captive milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal broodstock subjected to handling and transport

Garcia

Hilomen-Garcia

Emata

2000

Aquaculture Research

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The survival of milkfish broodstock (body weight range 1–11 kg) was determined until 30 days after handling and transport in open tanks or in sealed oxygenated bags containing chilled sea water (20–25 °C). Maintenance of cool sea water was achieved by the gradual addition of ice chunks or frozen gel packs. A survival rate of 50% after transporting fish at a loading density of 45 kg m−3 for 4 h in open tanks was not significantly different from those that were handled but not transported (86%). Similarly, survival rates (67–83%) among broodstock confined for 8 h in chilled sea water at 40 and 60 kg m−3 were not significantly different from each other or from a group not subjected to confinement. Nevertheless, low dissolved oxygen (DO) and accumulation of total ammonia–nitrogen beginning 1 h after transport and confinement may be responsible for low survival rates of milkfish in open tanks. In contrast, all milkfish survived 10 h of overland transport in sealed bags with chilled and diluted (28 g L−1) sea water. Likewise, all milkfish survived after being bagged and immediately transferred to a communal rearing tank, or bagged and placed in a styrofoam box for 10 h. Except for total ammonia–nitrogen levels, which increased slightly (0.7–0.8 mg L−1) above background, seawater temperature (20–24 °C), salinity (28 g L−1) and DO (6 to > 20 mg mL−1) titres in transport bags were maintained during the 10‐h test. The effectiveness of handling and transporting milkfish broodstock in sealed bags containing chilled sea water was verified in actual field trials. Spawning of sexually mature milkfish subjected to these stressors was not impaired. These results demonstrate that mortalities of large milkfish broodstock can be minimized when fish are handled and transported in sealed oxygenated bags containing chilled sea water.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survival of captive milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal broodstock subjected to handling and transport

Garcia

Hilomen-Garcia

Emata

2000

Aquaculture Research

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“…However, the milkfish has been successfully bred and propagated in captivity, with and without hormonal treatment, first at the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department in the Philippines (Vanstone et al 1977, Chaudhuri et al 1978, Liao et al 1979, Juario et al 1984b, Lacanilao & Marte 1980) and subsequently in Taiwan (Tseng & Hsiao 1979, Lin 1985 Hawaii (Lee et al 1986, Eda et al 1990) and Indonesia (Prijono et al 1988). Adults reach sexual maturity in 3-5 years in nature and in large floating cages, but may take as long as 8-10 years in ponds and concrete tanks (Lacanilao & Marte 1980, Lin 1985, Kumagai 1990, Emata & Marte 1990.…”

Section: Life History and Habitatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematics, distribution, genetics and life history of milkfish, Chanos chanos

Bagarinao

1994

Environ Biol Fish

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SynopsisChanos chanos belongs to a monotypic gonorynchiform family and is most closely related to the freshwater Ostariophysi. The earliest gonorynchiforms occurred in the Cretaceous of Brazil and west Africa. Chanos occurred in the freshwater Eocene deposits of Europe and North America, and probably invaded the circumtropical Tethys Sea during transgression episodes. At present, milkfish occurs near continental shelves and around oceanic islands throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific. Milkfish populations throughout the range show high genetic variation but low genetic divergence, similar to many other commercially important teleosts. The natural life history of milkfish is one of continual migration. Adults are relatively large (to 1.5 m or 15 kg), long-lived (to 15 years), pelagic and schooling. They spawn offshore near coral reefs or small islands. The eggs, embryos and larvae are pelagic and relatively larger than those of most marine species. Larvae 2 10 mm long and 2-3 weeks old move inshore via a combination of passive advection and active migration. Passing shore waters and surf zones, they settle in shallow-water depositional habitats such as mangrove swamps and coral lagoons, where they metamorphose and spend a few months as juveniles. Some juveniles may enter freshwater lakes where they grow into sub-adults but do not mature. Both small juveniles and large sub-adults go back to sea when they reach the size limit supportable by the habitat. Little else is known of the dynamics of wild populations of milkfish. A fishery on inshore larvae supports the centuries-old aquaculture of milkfish in southeast Asia. During the past ten years, milkfish have matured and spawned under various conditions of captivity, and hatcheries have produced larvae to supply the culture ponds. Much remains to be learned concerning the milkfish, particularly its ecology and physiology.

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“…Thus, efforts have been undertaken for captive breeding and hatchery fry production to ensure fry availability to meet the demands of fish farmers. Milkfish have been spawned successfully and larvae reared to fry in the Philippines ( Marte & Lacanilao 1986; Gapasin & Marte 1990; Emata & Marte 1993, 1994), Taiwan ( Lin 1985; Chang, Su & Liao 1993) and Indonesia ( Prijono, Tridjoko, Adiasmara, Poernomo, Vanstone, Lim & Daulay 1988). But broodstock development entails huge investments, as it takes 5 years for milkfish to attain sexual maturation and spawn in captivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary vitamin C and E supplementation and reproduction of milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal

Emata

Borlongan

Damaso

2000

Aquaculture Research

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Milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal broodstock (11 years old, average body weight 5.23–5.73 kg) reared in 10‐m‐diameter by 3‐m‐deep floating net cages (31–36 fish per cage) at SEAFDEC AQD's Igang Marine Substation in Guimaras Island, central Philippines, were fed daily at 3% of total body weight formulated diets (36% protein, 7–8% lipid) supplemented with 0.1% vitamin C, 0.05% vitamin E, both vitamin C and E or no vitamin supplementation (control) for 3 years. Reproductive performance was assessed in an attempt to determine the optimum nutrition for successful spawning of milkfish. The total egg production, mean number of eggs per spawning, number of spawns and mean egg diameter were not affected by dietary vitamin C and E supplementation. However, broodstock given dietary supplementation of vitamin C alone or in combination with vitamin E had a higher percentage of spawns with higher (> 90%) percentage egg viability, hatching and cumulative survival rate than those of the control. Broodstock given dietary vitamin E supplementation alone had few spawns, which made the results difficult to analyse. The results confirm the essentiality of vitamin C supplementation in producing more spawns with good egg and larval quality. The production of an adequate volume of good quality eggs and larvae to support hatchery operation is necessary to offset the huge investment in broodstock development, as it takes at least 5 years for milkfish to attain sexual maturation and spawning.

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Natural spawning and larval rearing of milkfish in captivity in Indonesia

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Survival of captive milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal broodstock subjected to handling and transport

Survival of captive milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal broodstock subjected to handling and transport

Systematics, distribution, genetics and life history of milkfish, Chanos chanos

Dietary vitamin C and E supplementation and reproduction of milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal

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