Natural smoulder in cigarettes

Gugan, K.

doi:10.1016/0010-2180(66)90063-0

Cited by 41 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…tour distributions during the puff, of any high spots of oxygen near the paper burn line, where a large proportion of the incoming air enters the coal. The rate of consumption of oxygen is therefore extremely rapid, confirming earlier conclusions (13,14) that therate of combustion of tobacco is controlled by the rate of oxygen transport to the tobacco surface. Furthermore, the incoming oxygen is consumed so rapidly that there are only slight indications for the existence of a cone-shaped oxygen-deficient region at the badt of the coal.…”

Section: Internal Oxygen Distributionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Variation of the Gas Formation Regions within a Cigarette Combustion Coal during the Smoking Cycle

Baker¹

1981

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung / Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Internal contour distributions for gas temperatures and for the concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, propane and oxygen have been determined at successive times before, during and after a puff of a burning cigarette. The cigarette was smoked in an atmosphere of 21 % (v/v) oxygen in argon. The gases were withdrawn from the cigarette through a small sampling probe and filtration unit, and analysed using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The contour distributions show that the gas formation and transmission processes occurring in the coal, and their variation during the smoking regime, are complex. The interior of the coal is almost entirely devoid of oxygen. The consumption of oxygen is so rapid that the position of its major influx into the coal, near the paper burn line, cannot be seen on the contour diagrams during a puff. However, the oxygen influx during the puff leaves burnt-out channels in the coal which become evident at later stages in the smoking cycle. When the puff ends, the product formation/transfer balance is interrupted, resulting in a local build-up of the product in its formation region. This local build-up reaches a maximum at 0.5-1.0 seconds after the end of the puff, after which time diffusion processes deplete the level. During the static smoulder period, distinct high and low temperature regions for the formation of carbon monoxide and dioxide are not evident inside the coal. However, towards the latter half of the puff, a distinct carbon dioxide formation region starts to appear behind the completely oxygen-deficient region. Application of the pyrolysis computer model, developed previously, confirms that this second region is a thermal decomposition region, and shows that such a region for carbon monoxide is not resolved from the combustion region.

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Section: Internal Oxygen Distributionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Variation of the Gas Formation Regions within a Cigarette Combustion Coal during the Smoking Cycle

Baker¹

1981

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung / Contributions to Tobacco Research

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“…Studies based on calorimetry have determined the heat of complete combustion of various different tobaccos as 13.8-18.4 kJ/g in oxygen (Gugan 1966;Muramatsu et al 1978;Norman et al 2001). These values directly correlate with the carbon and hydrogen contents of the tobacco materials.…”

Section: Basic Thermal Properties Of Cigarettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interior of a cigarette's burning zone is highly oxygen-deficient (Baker 1999;Baker 2006), hence an oxygen concentration gradient exists across the cigarette paper close to the burning zone (Gugan 1966). Part of the oxygen is also carried round the front of the burning zone in the natural convection stream.…”

Section: Basic Thermal Properties Of Cigarettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

et al. 2016

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A burning cigarette is a known cause of fire when mishandled. Studies into cigarette ignition propensity intensified after the US Cigarette Fire Safety Act of 1984. Extensive research has investigated the thermal properties of a smouldering cigarette, mostly away from any object of thermal contact or interference. To understand fire ignition, the thermophysics of cigarette's burning tip has also been examined with and without a contact substrate. In either free or contact smouldering cases, oxygen diffusion through the cigarette wrapping paper has been found to be an important parameter controlling the rate of burn and the energy released. Research by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology led to a standardized test method to determine cigarette ignition propensity, and eventually regulations enforcing Reduced Ignition Propensity (RIP) cigarettes have been passed in all US states and other countries. Among the physical parameters of a burning cigarette related to its thermal energy release, circumferential bands applied to the cigarette wrapping paper that reduce air permeability or diffusivity during smouldering have become the main approach to produce commercial RIP cigarettes. Studies have been performed to ensure that RIP cigarettes have equivalent or lower mainstream smoke yields and biological activities as compared with their conventional non-RIP equivalents. The effects of the paper band properties (width, gap between the bands, type as well as the amount of the material applied) have been studied systematically to establish a manufacturability window. Studies on human smoking behaviour confirmed that RIP cigarettes matched closely their predecessors. The bands, as intended, alter the combustion temperatures during cigarette smouldering within the band. Further research into the interaction of RIP cigarettes with different types of commercial upholstery fabrics and materials should help to understand its mechanism of action in support of emerging postimplementation fire statistics.

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“…Mathematical models (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) of a burning cigarette proposed by the late 1980s are summarized in Table 1. Much of the significant progress in the mathematical modeling of the burning cigarette was made in the mid 1970s to early 1980s.…”

Section: Cigarette Burning Models Proposed By the Late 1980smentioning

confidence: 99%

An Approach to Modeling a Burning Cigarette

Muramatsu

2005

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYThe temperature and smoke components distributions inside a burning cigarette have been briefly reviewed. Then, focusing on our mathematical model to explain the natural smoldering mechanism of a cigarette and new mathematical models recently published by other authors, an approach to modeling a burning cigarette has been outlined. It has been more than forty years since modeling the burning process of a cigarette was first attempted. Although the modeling work, which has been adopted as a means to research the burning mechanism of a cigarette, has seen a certain degree of progress in the last forty years, almost all mathematical models published are restricted to a burning cigarette under a free convection or a steady draw condition. No realistic model has been published yet to explain the processes occurring inside a burning cigarette under an intermittent puffing cycle. RESUMEUn bref aperçu sur la distribution de la température et des composants de la fumée à l'intérieur d'une cigarette incandescente est donné. Puis, en se basant sur un modèle mathématique pour expliquer le mécanisme de la combustion statique d'une cigarette, et des nouveaux modèles récemment publiés par d'autres auteurs, une approche permettant de modéliser une cigarette en combustion est présentée. Depuis plus de quarante ans des modèles pour décrire le processus de combustion d'une cigarette ont été mis au point. Bien que certains progrès aient été réalisés pendant ces quarante dernières années avec ces modèles, appliqués comme moyen d'étudier le mécanisme de combustion d'une cigarette, presque tous les modèles mathématiques publiés sont limités aux processus de combustion à convection naturelle ou à tirage constant. Jusqu'à présent aucun modèle réaliste n'a été publié, permettant d'expliquer le processus à l'intérieur d'une cigarette incandescente lors de bouffées intermittentes. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 21 (2005) 286-293]

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Natural smoulder in cigarettes

Cited by 41 publications

References 1 publication

Variation of the Gas Formation Regions within a Cigarette Combustion Coal during the Smoking Cycle

Variation of the Gas Formation Regions within a Cigarette Combustion Coal during the Smoking Cycle

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

An Approach to Modeling a Burning Cigarette

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