An Approach to Modeling a Burning Cigarette

Muramatsu, Motohiko

doi:10.2478/cttr-2013-0795

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Mathematical modelling of a burning cigarette has the potential to simulate the main thermal physical and chemical processes that occur as it is smoked (Baker 2006;Muramatsu et al 1979;Muramatsu 2005); however, development of an effective method has proved to be a major challenge owing to the complexity of the process and a general lack of mechanistic and kinetic information (Ohlemiller 1985;Eitzinger & Pirker 2005). Assumptions and simplifications have been made to derive a working model that represents the main processes involved and keeps the targeted smoke chemistry and thermal physics in mind.…”

Section: Computer Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As reviewed by Muramatsu (2005), early modelling work mainly focused on understanding and predicting smoke formation and smoke composition. Subsequently, one-dimensional to three-dimensional models of a free smouldering cigarette with and without puffing, or a smouldering cigarette with a substrate combination have all been attempted (Ohlemiller et al 1993;Eitzinger 2006aEitzinger , 2006bEitzinger & Pirker 2005;Mitler & Walton 1993;Saidi et al 2006).…”

Section: Computer Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

et al. 2016

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A burning cigarette is a known cause of fire when mishandled. Studies into cigarette ignition propensity intensified after the US Cigarette Fire Safety Act of 1984. Extensive research has investigated the thermal properties of a smouldering cigarette, mostly away from any object of thermal contact or interference. To understand fire ignition, the thermophysics of cigarette's burning tip has also been examined with and without a contact substrate. In either free or contact smouldering cases, oxygen diffusion through the cigarette wrapping paper has been found to be an important parameter controlling the rate of burn and the energy released. Research by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology led to a standardized test method to determine cigarette ignition propensity, and eventually regulations enforcing Reduced Ignition Propensity (RIP) cigarettes have been passed in all US states and other countries. Among the physical parameters of a burning cigarette related to its thermal energy release, circumferential bands applied to the cigarette wrapping paper that reduce air permeability or diffusivity during smouldering have become the main approach to produce commercial RIP cigarettes. Studies have been performed to ensure that RIP cigarettes have equivalent or lower mainstream smoke yields and biological activities as compared with their conventional non-RIP equivalents. The effects of the paper band properties (width, gap between the bands, type as well as the amount of the material applied) have been studied systematically to establish a manufacturability window. Studies on human smoking behaviour confirmed that RIP cigarettes matched closely their predecessors. The bands, as intended, alter the combustion temperatures during cigarette smouldering within the band. Further research into the interaction of RIP cigarettes with different types of commercial upholstery fabrics and materials should help to understand its mechanism of action in support of emerging postimplementation fire statistics.

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Section: Computer Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Computer Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

et al. 2016

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“…Muramatsu [62] and by Eitzinger and Pirker [63] recently reviewed modeling approaches taken since the earliest theoretical research by Sir Alfred Egerton in 1962. [64].…”

Section: Recent Advanced Research and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Muramatsu of the Tobacco Institute of Japan [62] and scientists at WFT Research, a paper manufacturer affiliated with Trierenberg [63] developed other mathematical models of cigarette smoldering including simulation of the thermodynamics of cigarettes during smoldering and puffing in free air and when lying on a substrate and prediction of linear burn rate. This model suggests that low diffusion coefficients are required for high self-extinguishment rates in print-banded papers.…”

Section: Recent Advanced Research and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Cigarette Ignition Propensity Research and Development

2008

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Major U.S. cigarette companies for decades conducted research and development regarding cigarette ignition propensity which has continued beyond fire safety standards for cigarettes that have recently been legislated. This paper describes recent scientific advances and technological development based on a comprehensive review of the physical, chemical, and engineering sciences, public health, and trade literature, U.S. and international patents, and research in the tobacco industry document libraries.Advancements since the first implementation of standards have made been in: a) understanding the key parameters involved in cigarette smoldering combustion and ignition of substrates; b) developing new cigarette and paper wrapper designs to reduce ignition propensity, including banded and nonbanded cigarette paper approaches, c) assessing toxicology, and d) measuring performance. While the implications of manufacturers' non-safety related aims are of concern, this research indicates possible alternative designs should experience with fire loss and existing technologies on the market suggest need for improvement.

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“…Let z 0 R N denote a vector of cigarette model parameters. In order to predict the probability we define a function [9] and the probability that a cigarette passes the tests can then be calculated by evaluating the integral [10] where P (Z = z) denotes the probability that the random cigarette parameters Z assume the value z. To keep the numerical complexity at a reasonable level we will consider the variation of only two parameters at a time.…”

Section: Statistical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simulation Study of Self-Extinguishing Cigarettes

Eitzinger¹

2006

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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In some parts of the USA and in Canada smouldering cigarettes are required to extinguish if placed on a certain number of layers of filter paper. This is usually achieved by the use of bands on the cigarette paper, which reduce oxygen diffusion into the cigarette. From a smoker's perspective, however, it is desirable that a cigarette does not extinguish if left to smoulder, for example, in an ash tray. To facilitate the design of papers for such cigarettes the influence of various cigarette parameters on self-extinguishment is investigated by numerical simulation of a one-dimensional cigarette model, which describes the main thermodynamic behaviour of smouldering cigarettes. The tobacco density, the tobacco heat capacity, the width of the bands on the cigarette paper and the heat released during combustion are chosen as parameters whose influence on the required oxygen diffusion constant of the bands on the cigarette paper is investigated. As these parameters are subject to a certain variation, it is assumed that the parameters are independently normally distributed. Based on this assumption the probability that a cigarette with given mean parameter values will extinguish, is calculated numerically.The results show that the admissible range of diffusion constants for the bands on the cigarette paper is in general quite small and it is reduced even further if statistical variations of the cigarette parameters are considered.The results provide guidelines for the appropriate choice of the diffusion constant of the bands on the cigarette paper such that the cigarettes comply with legal requirements and do not extinguish during normal smoking.

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An Approach to Modeling a Burning Cigarette

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

Recent Advances in Cigarette Ignition Propensity Research and Development

A Simulation Study of Self-Extinguishing Cigarettes

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