Natural selection for energetic efficiency and the relationship between activity level and mortality

Priede, Imants George

doi:10.1038/267610a0

Cited by 114 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…During this period of lengthened recovery, interstock hybrids could exhibit reduced digestion (Randall and Daxboeck, 1982) and food intake (Smart, 1981;Barton and Schreck, 1987), negatively affecting acquisition of new energy resources. Furthermore, because cardiovascular performance is strongly correlated with metabolic rate, when the fish are at an elevated stage on their scope, fish may have less scope for activity available to escape predators or deal with other stressors (Priede, 1977(Priede, , 1985. Although cardiac performance is a factor in determining oxygen consumption and metabolic rate, there are also other factors that we did not measure here that could exacerbate or mitigate the consequences of intraspecific variation in cardiovascular performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Influence of local adaptation and interstock hybridization on the cardiovascular performance of largemouth bassMicropterus salmoides

Cooke

Philipp

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY In this study, the cardiovascular response to exhaustive exercise among differentiated stocks of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides was compared at 10°C and 20°C to assess the level of their local adaptation. In addition, the impact that interstock hybridization had on adaptive differences was assessed using F1 hybrids. To accomplish these assessments, four genetically distinct stocks of fish were produced using adults from two regions in the midwestern United States identified as distinct conservation management units (central Illinois, IL and southeastern Wisconsin, WI): both P1 stocks and both reciprocal F1interstock hybrids. Cardiac variables (both resting and maximal) were consistently lowest for the IL×IL stock relative to the WI×WI stock and both F1 interstock hybrids. Interestingly, however, all groups of fish were able to maintain similar levels of cardiac scope. All fish responded to exercise by increasing heart rate and decreasing stroke volume,consistent with the notion that largemouth bass modulate cardiac output via frequency. After exercise, cardiac variables returned to resting levels 25-35% more rapidly for IL×IL fish relative to all other groups at 20°C. At 10°C, recovery rates for both P1 stocks were similar but more rapid than the interstock hybrids. Collectively, these results indicate that the locally adapted stock (IL×IL) exhibited cardiovascular adaptations that enabled rapid cardiovascular recovery and maintenance of low resting cardiac output and heart rate. Conversely, the translocated stock (WI×WI) and the interstock hybrids required longer for cardiovascular variables to recover after exercise and exhibited higher resting levels of cardiac output and heart rate. This study provides some of the first direct evidence of a physiological mechanism by which mixing stocks could potentially decrease fitness and illustrates the magnitude of the intraspecific diversity of cardiovascular performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Influence of local adaptation and interstock hybridization on the cardiovascular performance of largemouth bassMicropterus salmoides

Cooke

Philipp

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Previous authors have argued that high rates of food consumption and growth in young fishes drive metabolism to its aerobic maximum, thereby producing a conflict with allocation of oxygen to other functions such as swimming (Priede 1985;Weiser and Medgyesy 1990;Weiser 1991). The predators we used were pursuit rather than ambush attackers, requiring prey to use a combination of sustained and repeated-burst swimming to evade capture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because rates of survival and reproductive output generally increase with size in many organisms, individuals that grow faster would reap the benefits of large size earlier in life and experience higher survival and fitness (Sauer and Slade 1987;Sogard 1997). Despite evidence and theoretical arguments to the contrary (Priede 1977;Calow 1982;Sibly et al 1985;Abrams et al 1996;Arendt 1997;Conover and Schultz 1997;Gotthard 2000), this faster-is-better paradigm is pervasive: Many life-history studies employ growth rate as a direct scalar of relative fitness among juveniles (e.g., Hatfield and Schluter 1999), and habitat quality is routinely evaluated based on positive associations with growth (e.g., Able et al 1999;Meng et al 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evolution of Intrinsic Growth and Energy Acquisition Rates. Ii. Trade-Offs With Vulnerability to Predation in Menidia Menidia

2001

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Abstract. The Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) exhibits countergradient latitudinal variation in somatic growth rate along the East Coast of North America. Larvae and juveniles from high-latitude populations display higher intrinsic rates of energy consumption and growth than genotypes from low-latitude populations. The existence of submaximal growth in some environments suggests that trade-offs must counter the oft-cited theoretical benefits of energy and growth maximization (e.g., ''bigger is better,'' ''faster is better'') in the immature life stages. We hypothesized that energy and growth maximization trades off against investment in defense from predators. We conducted laboratory selection experiments to compare vulnerability to predation of silversides from: (1) fast-growing northern (Nova Scotia, NS) versus slow-growing southern (South Carolina, SC) source populations; (2) phenotypically manipulated fast-growing versus moderately-growing NS fish; and (3) recently fed versus unfed NS and SC fish. Tests involved fish drawn from common-garden environments and were conducted by subjecting mixed-treatment schools of sizematched silversides to natural, common piscine predators. NS silversides suffered significantly higher predation mortality than SC silversides. Parallel results were found in phenotypic manipulation of growth: NS silversides reared on a fast-growth trajectory (ϳ1.0 mm/day) were significantly more vulnerable to predation than those growing at a moderate rate (ϳ0.5 mm/day). Food consumption also affected vulnerability to predators: Silversides with large meals in their stomachs suffered significantly higher predation mortality than unfed silversides. Differences in predation vulnerability were likely due to swimming performance, not attractiveness to predators. Our findings demonstrate that maximization of energy intake and growth rate engenders fitness costs in the form of increased vulnerability to predation.Key words. Countergradient variation, evolutionary physiology, genotype-environment covariance, growth rate, latitude, life-history evolution, locomotory performance, optimal foraging theory. At what rate should immature organisms grow to maximize their fitness? Ecological theory suggests that natural selection favors genotypes that maximize net energy acquisition and growth (Lotka 1922;Ware 1982;Stearns 1992). Because rates of survival and reproductive output generally increase with size in many organisms, individuals that grow faster would reap the benefits of large size earlier in life and experience higher survival and fitness (Sauer and Slade 1987;Sogard 1997). Despite evidence and theoretical arguments to the contrary (Priede 1977;Calow 1982;Sibly et al. 1985;Abrams et al. 1996;Arendt 1997;Conover and Schultz 1997;Gotthard 2000), this faster-is-better paradigm is pervasive: Many life-history studies employ growth rate as a direct scalar of relative fitness among juveniles (e.g., Hatfield and Schluter 1999), and habitat quality is routinely evaluated based on positive associations...

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“…Coleman (1993) observed hypertrophication of the ventricle, a compensatory response to the mechanical blockage caused by the presence of parasites within the bulbus. Blockages of this type place increasing demands on the respiratory system to deliver oxygen to the tissues, which can increase the incidence of mortality through irregular cardiac performance, reduced metabolic scope (Priede 1977) or impaired swimming performance (Coleman 1993). The present study revealed an inflammatory response and encapsulation of the Ichthyocotylurus erraticus metacercariae in the hearts of infected powan.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histopathology, ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry of Coregonus lavaretus hearts naturally infected with Ichthyocotylurus erraticus (Trematoda)

Dezfuli¹,

Giari²,

Simoni³

et al. 2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Histopathological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical investigations were conducted on 26 specimens of powan Coregonus lavaretus (L.) from Loch Lomond (Scotland). The hearts of all 26 powan (15 females and 11 males) investigated harboured metacercariae of the digenean trematode Ichthyocotylurus erraticus (Rudolphi, 1809). The vast majority of metacercariae were located either singly or as an aggregation of white cysts on the surface of the bulbus arteriosus. The intensity of infection ranged from 2 to 200 larvae heart -1 , although the number of metacercariae found on male powan did not exceed 13. Histochemically, the parasite cyst wall gave a strong positive reaction with periodic acid schiff (PAS) and a faint positive signal with Azan-Mallory stain. All the metacercariae cysts were embedded in a granulomatous proliferation of heart epicardium tissue, forming a reactive fibroconnective capsule around the parasite. The capsule enclosing the parasite (produced by the host's reaction to the parasite) measured 13.57 to 90.20 µm (37.43 ± 3.56) in thickness. Within the capsule wall, eosinophilic granular cells (EGCs), granulocytes, melanocytes and, in some instances, partially degenerated or vacuolated epithelioid cells were observed in close proximity to the cyst wall. Pigment-bearing macrophages were scattered throughout the granulomatous host-tissue reaction and as macrophage aggregates (MAs) within the capsules surrounding parasites. Immunohistochemical tests were applied to infected heart sections using 12 different antisera. Nerve fibres immunoreactive to bombesin, substance P (SP), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) antisera were observed in close proximity to the parasite larvae. The presence of a serotonin-like substance was also observed within host immune-cells surrounding trematode cysts. Large cells of the epicardium were found to be immunoreactive to met-enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) antisera but not immunoreactive to anti-protein gene-product 9.5 (PGP9.5) sera. KEY WORDS: Trematode infection · Immunohistochemistry · Neuromodulators · Heart · Coregonus lavaretusResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Natural selection for energetic efficiency and the relationship between activity level and mortality

Cited by 114 publications

References 6 publications

Influence of local adaptation and interstock hybridization on the cardiovascular performance of largemouth bassMicropterus salmoides

Influence of local adaptation and interstock hybridization on the cardiovascular performance of largemouth bassMicropterus salmoides

Evolution of Intrinsic Growth and Energy Acquisition Rates. Ii. Trade-Offs With Vulnerability to Predation in Menidia Menidia

Histopathology, ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry of Coregonus lavaretus hearts naturally infected with Ichthyocotylurus erraticus (Trematoda)

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