Natural rubber-based solution adhesives: effect of carbon black on the adhesive properties

Shybi, A.A.; Varghese, Siby; Nambiathodi, Vaishak; Thomas, Sabu

doi:10.1007/s42464-021-00084-w

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The increase in crosslink density is attributed to the increase in the rubber‐filler interactions and filler–filler interactions, which in turn directly determines the mechanical properties of the rubber composite 54,55 . As shown in Figure 6, the crosslink density and the average molecular weight of pure SBR are 58.29 mol/m 3 and 1339.91 g/mol, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Preparation of an eco‐friendly carbon–silicon dual‐phase rubber filler with humic acid and silica sol

Tan

Xue

Sun

2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A new type of carbon–silicon dual‐phase filler (CSDPF) was prepared from highly active and widely available humic acid and low‐cost silica sol as raw materials, which were further used for styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) by ball milling and carbonization methods. The effects of the silica sol content and the bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) on the structure and surface properties of the CSDPF were investigated systematically. Silica sol combined with humic acid in the carbon–silicon dual‐phase complexes in the form of SiOC, while the TESPT and carbon–silicon dual‐phase complexes were combined in the form of SiOSi in the CSDPF. As the content of silica sol increased in the dual‐phase complexes, the amount and particle size of silica on the surface of CSDPF increased. A certain amount of silica in the fabricated filler facilitated its subsequent modification and applications. Compared with CB/SBR (SBR filled with carbon black 660), the mechanical properties, thermal stability, wear resistance, and wet skid resistance of SBR filled with the CSDPF were significantly improved. This work provides a new strategy for developing CSDPF.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Preparation of an eco‐friendly carbon–silicon dual‐phase rubber filler with humic acid and silica sol

Tan

Xue

Sun

2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…It has been used as adhesives due to its environmental friendliness and sustainability. [35,36] NRL is produced from natural rubber harvested from rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis [Willd. ex A. Juss]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[35] Incorporating of tackifiers, fillers, viscosity modifiers, adhesion promoters, and cross-linkers can tailor the properties of NRL-based adhesives by. [35,37,38] The advantages of using NRL adhesive can be linked to sustainability, formaldehyde-free, and inexpensive, which was around 1.8-2.1 USD/kg in 2020. [39] Previous works have shown that NRL can be used to produce woodbased panels such as laminated wood, [29] plywood, [40] and PB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of eco‐friendly particleboard from agro‐industrial residues bonded with formaldehyde‐free natural rubber latex adhesive for interior applications

et al. 2022

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In this work, a novel way is proposed to produce an eco‐friendly and formaldehyde‐free particleboard (PB) panel from agro‐industrial residues bonded with natural rubber latex (NRL)‐based adhesive. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) was added as an adhesion promoter and polymeric 4,4‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) was used as cross‐linker. Different formulations of agro‐industrial residues (cassava stem, sengon wood waste, and rice husk) and different contents of NRL‐adhesive (10%, 15%, and 20%) were applied to prepare the PB panel. Several techniques were performed to characterize the properties of NRL‐based adhesive and to evaluate the performance of PB panels from agro‐industrial residues bonded with NRL‐based adhesive. The blending of NRL and PVOH resulted in weak hydrogen bonds in the polymer blends. Incorporation of pMDI provided NCO groups as the reactive site for cross‐linking with NRL‐PVOH via urethane linkages. The results showed that no remarkable differences in the physical properties of the PB panel, such as density, moisture content, water absorption, and thickness swelling, with different agro‐industrial residues formulations and NRL‐adhesive content. By contrast, greater NRL‐adhesive content affected the mechanical properties of the PB panel. The best mechanical properties of the PB panel were obtained using a formulation of 40% of cassava stem, 30% of sengon wood waste, 30% of rice husk, and bonded with 20% of NRL‐adhesive content, which resulted in 4.02 MPa of modulus of rupture (MOR), 441.00 MPa of modulus of elasticity (MOE), and 0.19 MPa of internal bonding (IB) strength. A combination of agro‐industrial residues particles and NRL‐based adhesive presented a high potential for application as an eco‐friendly, formaldehyde‐free, and non‐structural PB such as interior applications.

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“…In addition, if the filler loading is too high, it will hinder the agglomeration and adhesion between the latex particles, resulting in a significant decrease in performance. [ 40 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, if the filler loading is too high, it will hinder the agglomeration and adhesion between the latex particles, resulting in a significant decrease in performance. [40] The reinforcing of NR mainly includes chemical modification and physical modification or blending modification. Chemical modification mainly uses the unsaturated double bonds in the molecular chain of NR to introduce new functional groups, the air permeability, oil resistance, and flame retardancy of NR products are improved.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving reinforcement of natural rubber latex by introducing poly‐zinc dimethacrylate and sulfur vulcanizing system

Chen

Liao

Zhang

et al. 2022

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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In this work, zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) was employed to reinforce natural rubber latex (NRL) and a new process was introduced. Polymethacrylic acid was prepared by emulsion polymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA), then mixed with ZnO in a different mole ratio (ZnO/MAA) and the mixture was noted as PZDMA. It was added to NRL and a traditional sulfur vulcanizing system was adopted simultaneously. The mechanical test results show that compared with the sample "NR," the tensile and tear strength are significantly improved by the addition of PZDMA. When 7 phr ZnO (NR-7A) are loaded, it can reach 25.1 MPa and 62.8 N/mm, which are higher than "NR" by 52.0% and 104.6%, respectively. While the strength of the NRL film reinforced only with PZDMA is quite limited. Detailed analysis by Fourier-transforms infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometers, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric, and dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that PZDMA is successfully formed and dispersed uniformly in NRL, PZDMA acts as a nanoparticle and ionic cross-linking agent, and the covalent cross-linking network is formed by a sulfur vulcanizing agent. The dual cross-linking network shows a synergistic effect on the reinforcement of NRL. The present work provides a process to reinforce NRL with adjustable mechanical properties.mechanical properties, natural rubber latex, poly-zinc dimethacrylate, reinforcement | INTRODUCTIONZinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) can be easily polymerized and grafted to the polymer chain in the presence of peroxide, and has attracted great interest from researchers due to its excellent polymer reinforcement properties. [1] Hayes and Conard [2] reported for the first time that ZDMA was used as an additive for hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR), and its abrasion resistance, tear strength, and high-temperature performance were significantly

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Natural rubber-based solution adhesives: effect of carbon black on the adhesive properties

Cited by 4 publications

References 25 publications

Preparation of an eco‐friendly carbon–silicon dual‐phase rubber filler with humic acid and silica sol

Preparation of an eco‐friendly carbon–silicon dual‐phase rubber filler with humic acid and silica sol

Performance of eco‐friendly particleboard from agro‐industrial residues bonded with formaldehyde‐free natural rubber latex adhesive for interior applications

Improving reinforcement of natural rubber latex by introducing poly‐zinc dimethacrylate and sulfur vulcanizing system

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