Abstract:This review presents the chemical diversity and pharmacological properties of secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi associated with various genera of Rubiaceae. Several classes of natural products are described for these endophytes, although, this study highlights the importance of some metabolites, which are involved in antifungal, antibacterial, anti-protozoal activities; neurodegenerative diseases; cytotoxic activity; anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity; and hyperglycemic control.
“…It should be emphasized that the aforementioned (219) previously undescribed compounds are just a few examples of endophytic products yielded by marine fungi. There are more and more endophytic compounds with different structure variety, molecules originality and biological activities waiting to be explored [ 124 ]. Particularly, reach to 51% of bioactive metabolites isolated from fungal endophytes have an unidentified chemical structure, highlighting the tremendous biotechnological prospective of this microbial cluster to discover new pharmaceuticals [ 124 ].…”
Section: Main Textmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There are more and more endophytic compounds with different structure variety, molecules originality and biological activities waiting to be explored [ 124 ]. Particularly, reach to 51% of bioactive metabolites isolated from fungal endophytes have an unidentified chemical structure, highlighting the tremendous biotechnological prospective of this microbial cluster to discover new pharmaceuticals [ 124 ]. Figure 7 Secondary metabolites from marine fungal endophytes of mangrove.…”
Section: Main Textmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, it is a group of poorly screened microorganisms that appear plentiful and dependable source of bioactive and chemically unique structures with prospective medical, agricultural, and industrial applications [ 68 ]. Also, the coevolution of marine organisms with endophytic associations was been studied extensively to increase our comprehension of their influence on physiology, biochemistry and adaptation to the changing conditions of their host [ 10 , 124 ]. Specific endophytic fungal research areas must be studied in depth to comprehend the style of metabolites yielded in the host plant-endophyte niche of host and guest as well as in the host plant in reply to exciting effects of chemicals yielded by endophytes [ 31 ].…”
The growing threat arises due to diseases such as cancer and the infections around the world leading to a critical requirement for novel and constructive compounds with unique ways of action capable of combating these deadly diseases. At present, it is evident that endophytic fungi constitute an enormous as well as comparatively untapped source of great biodiversity that can be considered as a wellspring of effective novel natural products for medical, agricultural and industrial use. Marine endophytic fungi have been found in every marine plants (algae, seagrass, driftwood, mangrove plants), marine vertebrates (mainly, fish) or marine invertebrates (mainly, sponge and coral) inter- and intra-cellular without causing any palpable symptoms of illness. Since evolution of microbes and eukaryotes to a higher level, coevolution has resulted in specific interaction mechanisms. Endophytic fungi are known to influence the life cycle and are necessary for the homeostasis of their eukaryotic hosts and the chemical signals of their host have been shown to activate gene expression in endophytes to induce expression of endophytic secondary metabolites. Marine endophytic fungi are receiving increasing attention by chemists because of their varied and structurally unmatched compounds that have strong biological roles in life as lead pharmaceutical compounds, including anticancer, antiviral, insulin mimetic, antineurodegenerative, antimicrobial, antioxidant and immuno-suppressant compounds. Moreover, fungal endophytes proved to have different biological activities for exploitation in the environmental and agricultural sustainability.
“…It should be emphasized that the aforementioned (219) previously undescribed compounds are just a few examples of endophytic products yielded by marine fungi. There are more and more endophytic compounds with different structure variety, molecules originality and biological activities waiting to be explored [ 124 ]. Particularly, reach to 51% of bioactive metabolites isolated from fungal endophytes have an unidentified chemical structure, highlighting the tremendous biotechnological prospective of this microbial cluster to discover new pharmaceuticals [ 124 ].…”
Section: Main Textmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There are more and more endophytic compounds with different structure variety, molecules originality and biological activities waiting to be explored [ 124 ]. Particularly, reach to 51% of bioactive metabolites isolated from fungal endophytes have an unidentified chemical structure, highlighting the tremendous biotechnological prospective of this microbial cluster to discover new pharmaceuticals [ 124 ]. Figure 7 Secondary metabolites from marine fungal endophytes of mangrove.…”
Section: Main Textmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, it is a group of poorly screened microorganisms that appear plentiful and dependable source of bioactive and chemically unique structures with prospective medical, agricultural, and industrial applications [ 68 ]. Also, the coevolution of marine organisms with endophytic associations was been studied extensively to increase our comprehension of their influence on physiology, biochemistry and adaptation to the changing conditions of their host [ 10 , 124 ]. Specific endophytic fungal research areas must be studied in depth to comprehend the style of metabolites yielded in the host plant-endophyte niche of host and guest as well as in the host plant in reply to exciting effects of chemicals yielded by endophytes [ 31 ].…”
The growing threat arises due to diseases such as cancer and the infections around the world leading to a critical requirement for novel and constructive compounds with unique ways of action capable of combating these deadly diseases. At present, it is evident that endophytic fungi constitute an enormous as well as comparatively untapped source of great biodiversity that can be considered as a wellspring of effective novel natural products for medical, agricultural and industrial use. Marine endophytic fungi have been found in every marine plants (algae, seagrass, driftwood, mangrove plants), marine vertebrates (mainly, fish) or marine invertebrates (mainly, sponge and coral) inter- and intra-cellular without causing any palpable symptoms of illness. Since evolution of microbes and eukaryotes to a higher level, coevolution has resulted in specific interaction mechanisms. Endophytic fungi are known to influence the life cycle and are necessary for the homeostasis of their eukaryotic hosts and the chemical signals of their host have been shown to activate gene expression in endophytes to induce expression of endophytic secondary metabolites. Marine endophytic fungi are receiving increasing attention by chemists because of their varied and structurally unmatched compounds that have strong biological roles in life as lead pharmaceutical compounds, including anticancer, antiviral, insulin mimetic, antineurodegenerative, antimicrobial, antioxidant and immuno-suppressant compounds. Moreover, fungal endophytes proved to have different biological activities for exploitation in the environmental and agricultural sustainability.
“…Endophytic fungi are a continuing source of new secondary metabolites and have a great impact on modern medicines [3]. Hence the present study was undertaken on Aspergillus nidulans-an endophytic fungus from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn (Native name: night jasmine; Family: Oleaceae), known as 'the tree of sorrow' by native people of Indo-Pak subcontinent and used in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani systems of medicines for treating distinct diseases [4].…”
Endophytic fungi are a substantial source of bioactive secondary metabolites. Present studies on Aspergillus nidulans―an endophytic fungus from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. afforded one new 1, 5-dihydroxy-3-methylxanthone-6-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1) and one known 5, 10-dihydro-phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (2) compound. The structures were elucidated by spectral techniques (Mass, 1D and 2D NMR), and their urease, carbonic anhydrase and prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory activities were evaluated. Compound 1 showed notable prolyl endopeptidase inhibition (IC50 = 3.13 ± 0.09 µM) and compound 2 showed significant carbonic anhydrase (IC50 =14.3 ± 1.05 µM) and urease (IC50 = 24.3 ± 1.15 µM) inhibition.
“…Then in 2020, Cruz et al [14] published an excellent review of the bioactive secondary metabolites isolated from fungi obtained from members of the Rubiaceae, a plant family that contains a very significant number of plants considered to be "medicinal". This review which is in the open access "Journal of Fungi" is up to date as of the early part of 2020 and should definitely be read, as it shows the number and variety of molecules that were found.…”
Section: Recent General Reviews Of Endophytes From Medicinal Plantsmentioning
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