Natural Products from Actinomycetes Associated with Marine Organisms

Abstract

The actinomycetes have proven to be a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites and play a critical role in the development of pharmaceutical researches. With interactions of host organisms and having special ecological status, the actinomycetes associated with marine animals, marine plants, macroalgae, cyanobacteria, and lichens have more potential to produce active metabolites acting as chemical defenses to protect the host from predators as well as microbial infection. This review focuses on 536 secondary metabolites (SMs) from actinomycetes associated with these marine organisms covering the literature to mid-2021, which will highlight the taxonomic diversity of actinomycetes and the structural classes, biological activities of SMs. Among all the actinomycetes listed, members of Streptomyces (68%), Micromonospora (6%), and Nocardiopsis (3%) are dominant producers of secondary metabolites. Additionally, alkaloids (37%), polyketides (33%), and peptides (15%) comprise the largest proportion of natural products with mostly antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the data analysis and clinical information of SMs have been summarized in this article, suggesting that some of these actinomycetes with multiple host organisms deserve more attention to their special ecological status and genetic factors.

Antimicrobial Biosynthetic Potential and Phylogenetic Analysis of Culturable Bacteria Associated with the Sponge Ophlitaspongia sp. from the Yellow Sea, China

“…By applying a culture-dependent approach, we successfully isolated 151 strains from the sponge Ophlitaspongia sp., as well as their representative strains, which are distributed across 20 genera from 18 families in 4 phyla and include Actinobacteria , Bacteroidetes , Firmicutes , and Proteobacteria . Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that all 20 genera of the isolated strains overlapped with previously reported isolates associated with sponges and other marine hosts, such as corals, ascidians, and algae, from different geographical locations obtained using culture-dependent methods [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. Genera such as Bacillus , Microbacterium , Nocardiopsis , Pseudoalteromonas , Saccharomonospora , and Streptomyces are distributed throughout aquatic environments and are well-known secondary metabolite producers that may protect host sponges from microbial infection and predators [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ].…”

Genus Nocardiopsis: A Prolific Producer of Natural Products

“…Nocardiopsis is an important genus of actinobacterium for its extensive application in agriculture [9], industry [10], and environmental protection [11], especially for its potential ability to produce new natural products [5,12]. By mid-2021, 3% of marine actinomycetesderived natural products were produced by Nocardiopsis, and Nocardiopsis are the thirdlargest actinomycetes in terms of producing marine compounds [13]. In addition, Nocardiopsis are a prolific source of bioactive natural products in both marine and terrestrial environments [1] and are widely distributed in multiple ecosystems [12], including deserts [14], deep ocean [15], coastal wetlands [16], and saline-alkali soil [17].…”

Characterization of Bioactivities and Biosynthesis of Angucycline/Angucyclinone Derivatives Derived from Gephyromycinifex aptenodytis gen. nov., sp. nov.

“…These valuable actinobacteria are recognized as the most notable bacterial group for natural product production, with their considerable diversity in chemical structures and bioactivities implying a variety of pharmaceutical applications [3]. Of these, the polyketide-derived metabolites are among the most diverse group and include many clinically important natural compounds [4].…”