2000
DOI: 10.1080/10408690091189257
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Natural Pigments: Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Betalains — Characteristics, Biosynthesis, Processing, and Stability

Abstract: Pigments are present in all living matter and provide attractive colors and play basic roles in the development of organisms. Human beings, like most animals, come in contact with their surroundings through color, and things can or cannot be acceptable based on their color characteristics. This review presents the basic information about pigments focusing attention on the natural ones; it emphasizes the principal plant pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains. Special considerations are given to thei… Show more

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Cited by 1,108 publications
(717 citation statements)
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References 430 publications
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“…β-Carotene is a highly unsaturated molecule composed of many conjugated double bonds. It is very susceptible to oxidation (32). Many factors affect β-carotene stability, including temperature (thermal degradation), light intensity (photo-oxidative degradation), oxygen level (oxidative degradation), and enzymes (enzymatic oxidative degradation) (33)(34)(35).…”
Section: Significancementioning
confidence: 99%
“…β-Carotene is a highly unsaturated molecule composed of many conjugated double bonds. It is very susceptible to oxidation (32). Many factors affect β-carotene stability, including temperature (thermal degradation), light intensity (photo-oxidative degradation), oxygen level (oxidative degradation), and enzymes (enzymatic oxidative degradation) (33)(34)(35).…”
Section: Significancementioning
confidence: 99%
“…O grau de glicosilação é outra característica estrutural que favorece a estabilidade dessas moléculas, sendo as diglicosiladas mais estáveis do que as monoglicosiladas. As antocianinas aciladas retêm melhor a cor, mesmo em pH alcalino ou sob ação de outros fatores como aquecimento, luz e SO 2 [6,8,10]. INAMI et al [9] constataram que antocianinas aciladas, em sistema modelo (bebida), apresentaram maior estabilidade à luz e ao calor.…”
Section: Figura 1 Teor De Antocianinas Totais Da Polpa De Pitanga Rounclassified
“…O pH ácido é favorável para a forma colorida destes pigmentos. A temperatura é um fator importante na degradação da cor das antocianinas 5,19 . Durante o aquecimento, geralmente a degradação e a polimerização levam à descoloração destes pigmentos 16 , por este motivo a temperatura e o tempo de aquecimento dos alimentos durante o processamento são parâmetros que merecem considerável atenção.…”
Section: Introductionunclassified