Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in cereal-derived products from Egypt

Gluten-free cereal products have grown in popularity in recent years as they are perceived as “healthier” alternatives and can be safely consumed by celiac patients, and people with gluten intolerance or wheat allergies. Molds that produce mycotoxins contaminate cereal crops, posing a threat to global food security. Maximum levels have been set for certain mycotoxins in cereal flours; however, little is known about the levels of emerging mycotoxins in these flours. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient, sensitive, and selective method for the detection of four emerging (beauvericin and enniatins A1, B, and B1) and three regulated (aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol) mycotoxins in gluten-free flours. Ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion was used in the extraction of these mycotoxins from flour samples. The validated method was utilized for the LC-MS/MS analysis of conventional and organic wholegrain oat and rice flours. Six of the seven target mycotoxins were detected in these samples. Multi-mycotoxin contamination was found in all flour types, particularly in conventional wholegrain oat flour. Despite the low detection frequency in rice flour, one sample was found to contain zearalenone at a concentration of 83.2 μg/kg, which was higher than the level set by the European Commission for cereal flours. The emerging mycotoxins had the highest detection frequencies; enniatin B was present in 53% of the samples at a maximum concentration of 56 μg/kg, followed by enniatin B1 and beauvericin, which were detected in 46% of the samples, and at levels reaching 21 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg, respectively. These results highlight the need to improve the current knowledge and regulations on the presence of mycotoxins, particularly emerging ones, in gluten-free flours and cereal-based products.

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 74%

Determination of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Organic and Conventional Gluten-Free Flours by LC-MS/MS

Giannioti

Albero

Hernando

et al. 2023

“…According to the results, higher incidences and concentrations of these trichothecenes were found in organic corn samples compared with conventional ones, and the glucosylation percentage reached up to 35% in contaminated corn samples. In another recent research, Gab-Allah et al [ 102 ] investigated DON, NIV, and DON-3G in corn samples collected from Egypt. Among these mycotoxins, DON was the most common (83.3%) followed by NIV (74.1%) and DON-3G (40.7%), with maximum concentration levels of 853 μg/kg, 462 μg/kg, and 257 μg/kg, respectively.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Type B Trichothecenes and Don-3g In Cereal Gra...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since type B trichothecenes can absorb UV light of a certain wavelength, various studies proposed HPLC with DAD or UV for the quantification of these mycotoxins, particularly DON, NIV, and DON-3G. In recent times, HPLC-DAD and HPLC-UV have been applied for analyzing DON, DON-3G, and NIV in wheat grains [ 193 ]; DON, DON-3G, and NIV in rice and baby formula [ 222 ]; DON and NIV in rice and bran [ 125 ], DON in wheat flour, instant noodle, and biscuits [ 223 ]; DON, NIV, and DON-3G in wheat and maize [ 102 ]; and DON, NIV, together with their glucosides in cereals and related products [ 116 ]. On the other hand, HPLC-FLD in combination with appropriate extraction and purification procedures can exhibit comparable sensitivity to that attained by LC-MS/MS, as well as very good selectivity [ 163 , 224 ].…”

Section: Separation and Detection Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type B Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains and Their Products: Recent Advances on Occurrence, Toxicology, Analysis and Post-Harvest Decontamination Strategies

Gab-Allah

Choi

Kim

2023

Self Cite

Type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) are secondary toxic metabolites produced mainly by mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi and have been recognized as natural contaminants in cereals and cereal-based foods. The latest studies have proven the various negative effects of type B trichothecenes on human health. Due to the widespread occurrence of Fusarium species, contamination by these mycotoxins has become an important aspect for public health and agro-food systems worldwide. Hence, their monitoring and surveillance in various foods have received a significant deal of attention in recent years. In this review, an up-to-date overview of the occurrence profile of major type B trichothecenes and DON-3G in cereal grains and their toxicological implications are outlined. Furthermore, current trends in analytical methodologies for their determination are overviewed. This review also covers the factors affecting the production of these mycotoxins, as well as the management strategies currently employed to mitigate their contamination in foods. Information presented in this review provides good insight into the progress that has been achieved in the last years for monitoring type B trichothecenes and DON-3G, and also would help the researchers in their further investigations on metabolic pathway analysis and toxicological studies of these Fusarium mycotoxins.

“…Trombete et al [156] detected the presence of NIV by HPLC-PDA using an immunoaffinity column clean-up coupled with UV in wheat grains for the first time. Gab-Allah et al [157] investigated the occurrence of NIV, DON, and DON-3-glucoside in wheat and corn flour using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array (UPLC-PDA). Furthermore, Pascale et al [147] detected NIV using UPLC-PDA in wheat grains.…”

Section: Chromatographic Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LCMS/MS has recently become widely employed for detecting NIV without derivatization, providing the most trustworthy findings, while meeting regulatory authorities ( [157]. Barthel et al [66] detected NIV and other trichothecenes in German barley samples (dehulled barley, barley kernels, winter barley, and pearl barley) using LC-MS/MS.…”

Section: Chromatographic Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nivalenol Mycotoxin Concerns in Foods: An Overview on Occurrence, Impact on Human and Animal Health and Its Detection and Management Strategies

Kumar

Mahato

Gupta

et al. 2022

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that infect a wide range of foods worldwide. Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecene produced by numerous Fusarium species, has the ability to infect a variety of foods both in the field and during post-harvest handling and management. NIV is frequently found in cereal and cereal-based goods, and its strong cytotoxicity poses major concerns for both human and animal health. To address these issues, this review briefly overviews the sources, occurrence, chemistry and biosynthesis of NIV. Additionally, a brief overview of several sophisticated detection and management techniques is included, along with the implications of processing and environmental factors on the formation of NIV. This review’s main goal is to offer trustworthy and current information on NIV as a mycotoxin concern in foods, with potential mitigation measures to assure food safety and security.