Natural occurrence of acetylated derivatives of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in wheat and barley in Japan

Abstract

Thirty-four samples of domestic wheat and barley grains, collected from eight prefectures of different locations in Japan and previously determined to be positive for deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and/or zearalenone (ZEA), were analysed for acetylated derivatives of DON and NIV by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition to DON and NIV, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and 4-acetylnivalenol (4-ANIV) were found in 25, 4 and 14 samples, respectively. A regional difference in the DON and NIV contamination of Japanese wheat and barley was suggested: DON was the major trichothecene in the northern district and NIV in the central districts, whereas in the southern districts the DON level was similar to or slightly higher than the NIV level. 3-ADON occurred together with DON in almost all prefectures examined, whereas 15-ADON was found only in samples from northern districts. In addition, a high correlation (r = 0.974, n = 23) between levels of DON and its acetates (3-ADON and 15-ADON) was noted. These results may also suggest the possibility of a geographic difference in the distribution of different chemotypes of Fusarium species producing these trichothecenes in Japan.

A Practical Method for Measuring Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol, and T-2 + HT-2 Toxin in Foods by an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Monoclonal Antibodies

“…There are no regulations regarding NIV anywhere in the world, but NIV has higher toxicity than DON, and in Japan there are several reports regarding cereal contamination by NIV. 2,18,25) This fact prompted us to measure NIV in addition to DON. Our ELISA kit is the first method capable of determining the concentration of NIV, precisely and it can be used to screen NIV-contaminated materials.…”

“…16,17) Toxic derivatives of trichothecene mycotoxins are known to exist. 18) Therefore in order to quantify the degree of trichothecene mycotoxin contamination, it is best to measuring unclear the derivatives collectively rather than individually. Nevertheless, it is also important to determine the three major trichothecene mycotoxins, DON, NlV, and T-2, individually.…”

Natural occurrence of nivalenol and mycotoxigenic potential of Fusarium graminearum strains in wheat affected by head blight in Argentina

“…Differences in the geographical distribution of DON and NIV chemotypes of F. gramineraum have been reported. Only the DON chemotype has been found in the United States and Canada (16), while both chemotypes were isolated in Japan (26), Italy (14), South Africa (23), and Australia (2). Successively, Sugiura et al (22) demonstrated that some G. zeae isolated from rice stubble in Japan produced both NIV and DON.…”

The In Vitro Approach to the Cytotoxicity of a Trichothecene Mycotoxin Nivalenol

“…The Fusarium fungi are commonly found on cereals grown in the temperate regions of America, Europe and Asia. In Japan, nivalenol contamination of wheat and barley is as prevalent as that of deoxynivalenol, another trichothecene mycotoxin 13,17 . Although the acute toxicity of nivalenol is thought to be equivalent to or more potent than that of deoxynivalenol, the paucity of reports suggests that nivalenol has garnered far less interest than deoxynivalenol.…”