Natural killer cells from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are an important source of CC-chemokines and suppress HIV-1 entry and replication in vitro.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor and Substance P Antagonist Enhancement of Natural Killer Cell Innate Immunity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

“…Natural killer cell immune-mediated control of HIV is believed to be the result of NK cell killing of HIV-infected cells (3,4), as well as NK cell production of HIV suppressive factors. Specifically, NK cells secrete soluble factors, CC chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5), which inhibit CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) viral entry (5). In addition to producing chemokines, NK cells also secrete cytokines, including interferon γ (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and granulocyte/ macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which may produce further inhibition of HIV replication (81,82).…”

“…In addition to producing chemokines, NK cells also secrete cytokines, including interferon γ (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and granulocyte/ macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which may produce further inhibition of HIV replication (81,82). Natural killer cells may have a key regulatory role in controlling HIV infection, and there are adverse effects of HIV on NK cell function, including reduced lysis of HIV-infected cells, reduced production of CC chemokines, and reduced secretion of cytokines (5,(83)(84)(85). Thus, specific impairments in NK cell function may compromise the host's natural resistance against HIV.…”

“…Growing evidence suggests that NK cells play a key role in the host defense against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection through direct killing of HIV-infected cells and through noncytolytic activity (2). Natural killer cells exert cytolytic activity against HIV-infected cells (3,4), and NK cells produce HIV suppressive factors blocking HIV entry into cells (5).…”

Differential Effects of Interleukin-7 and Interleukin-15 on NK Cell Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity

“…The findings that (i) NK cells can mediate cytotoxicity by TRAIL (7,32,35,54,63,65,77), (ii) that IL-15 potentiates NK cell cytolytic activity, and (iii) that TRAIL has intrinsic activity against a variety of virally infected targets (5,11,14,17,21,34,41,45,46,73,76) suggest a role for IL-15 to potentiate TRAIL-mediated NK cell viricidal activity. We demonstrate that PBL and resting memory cells from infected individuals express high levels of the TRAIL death receptors and undergo cell death following TRAIL treatments (29,33,45), suggesting that these cells are potential targets for TRAIL killing.…”

RANTES Potentiates Antigen-Specific Mucosal Immune Responses

“…Recently, human nasal-and adenoid-derived epithelial cells have been shown to secrete chemokines such as IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and RANTES in response to infection with respiratory syncytial virus (3,4). RANTES is a CC chemokine that binds CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CCR5 and is produced by epithelial cells (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8), lymphocytes (9,10), and platelets (11), and acts as a potent chemoattractant for monocytes (12,13), NK cells (14), memory T cells (12,13,15), eosinophils (11), dendritic cells (16), and basophils (17). In addition, RANTES and other chemokines can selectively activate their corresponding lymphoid cell targets (14, 18 -21).…”