Natural foci of arboviruses in far northern latitudes of Eurasia

The tick Ixodes uriae (Acari: Ixodidae): Hosts, geographical distribution, and vector roles

“…In addition to birds, this tick has also been found as an occasional parasite of some mammal species (Eley, 1977;Jaenson and Jensen, 2007;Baggs et al, 2011) including humans (Martyn, 1988;Keirans and Lacombe, 1998;Smith et al, 2006;Jaenson and Jensen, 2007;Richter et al, 2013) and several bacterial species (Chastel et al, 1993;Olsen et al, 1993;Duneau et al, 2008;Duron et al, 2014) and viruses (Lvov et al, 1972a(Lvov et al, , 1972b(Lvov et al, , 1973a(Lvov et al, , 1973b(Lvov et al, , 1976(Lvov et al, , 1990Main et al, 1973Main et al, , 1976aMain et al, , 1976bYunker et al, 1973;Main, 1978;Saikku et al, 1980;Nuttall, 1984;Moss et al, 1986;Chastel et al, 1993;Labuda and Nuttall, 2004;Major et al, 2009) have been detected infecting it. Indeed, the majority of known tick-borne viruses have been isolated from I. uriae (Nuttall, 1984).…”

Seroepidemiology of California and Bunyamwera serogroup (Bunyaviridae) virus infections in native populations of Alaska.

“…12 Of particular relevance are virus studies done in northeastern Russia-Chukotka, including the Chukchi Peninsula, and Kamchatka-lying across the Bering Sea from Alaska's western coastline. [13][14][15] Human serosurveys done in forest and tundra landscapes have shown a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to TAH virus (27-46%) and a prevalence of 7% to GET virus. 13,14 Two to 6% of humans circulated antibodies to BAT virus.…”

“…[13][14][15] Human serosurveys done in forest and tundra landscapes have shown a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to TAH virus (27-46%) and a prevalence of 7% to GET virus. 13,14 Two to 6% of humans circulated antibodies to BAT virus. 15 Snowshoe hare, TAH, BAT, and GET viruses all have been isolated from Aedes mosquitoes in this region.…”

“…15 Snowshoe hare, TAH, BAT, and GET viruses all have been isolated from Aedes mosquitoes in this region. 14,15 In eastern Siberia (Yakutia), three CA GP viruses (TAH, SSH, and INK) were found to circulate concurrently in human populations with an overall seroprevalence of 67%. 13 Most of the aforementioned arboviruses are human pathogens.…”

“…19 No human disease has yet been associated with NOR or GET viruses, but subclinical infections have been documented in Alaska and Alberta (NOR virus) 5,6,20 and the Russian Far East (GET virus). 14,19 Sindbis virus is a significant human pathogen that may occur epidemically. 21 The extent of clinical arboviral illness in human populations of Alaska is unknown.…”