Natural fibers reinforced FDM 3D printing filaments

Deb, Disha; Jafferson, J.M.

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.397

Cited by 59 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A potential explanation for the loss in tensile strength of the composites, compared to the neat rPP, is the absence of chemical bonding between rPP and CBS, and the limited dispersion of the CBS in the matrix [ 79 , 80 ]. The obtained results are aligned with other studies where lignocellulosic fibers addition in polymeric matrixes were evaluated [ 81 , 82 , 83 ]. For example, Fuentes et al evaluated the mechanical behavior of PP/bamboo and PP/glass fiber.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Development and Characterization of a 3D Printed Cocoa Bean Shell Filled Recycled Polypropylene for Sustainable Composites

et al. 2021

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Natural filler-based composites are an environmentally friendly and potentially sustainable alternative to synthetic or plastic counterparts. Recycling polymers and using agro-industrial wastes are measures that help to achieve a circular economy. Thus, this work presents the development and characterization of a 3D printing filament based on recycled polypropylene and cocoa bean shells, which has not been explored yet. The obtained composites were thermally and physically characterized. In addition, the warping effect, mechanical, and morphological analyses were performed on 3D printed specimens. Thermal analysis exhibited decreased thermal stability when cacao bean shell (CBS) particles were added due to their lignocellulosic content. A reduction in both melting enthalpy and crystallinity percentage was identified. This is caused by the increase in the amorphous structures present in the hemicellulose and lignin of the CBS. Mechanical tests showed high dependence of the mechanical properties on the 3D printing raster angle. Tensile strength increased when a raster angle of 0° was used, compared to specimens printed at 90°, due to the load direction. Tensile strength and fracture strain were improved with CBS addition in specimens printed at 90°, and better bonding between adjacent layers was achieved. Electron microscope images identified particle fracture, filler-matrix debonding, and matrix breakage as the central failure mechanisms. These failure mechanisms are attributed to the poor interfacial bonding between the CBS particles and the matrix, which reduced the tensile properties of specimens printed at 0°. On the other hand, the printing process showed that cocoa bean shell particles reduced by 67% the characteristic warping effect of recycled polypropylene during 3D printing, which is advantageous for 3D printing applications of the rPP. Thereby, potential sustainable natural filler composite filaments for 3D printing applications with low density and low cost can be developed, adding value to agro-industrial and plastic wastes.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Development and Characterization of a 3D Printed Cocoa Bean Shell Filled Recycled Polypropylene for Sustainable Composites

et al. 2021

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“…Effects of layer orientation and printing speed on mechanical properties of PLA have been investigated [48,49]. Moreover, the mechanical properties of FDMprinted polymers (PLA and ABS) are increased by reinforcing PLA with natural fibers [50] as well as honeycomb sandwich structures [51] and ABS with boron nitride [52]. A multiscale relationship of the mechanical properties of FDM planar parts has been proposed [53].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Role of Manufacturing Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Using PETG

et al. 2021

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Additive manufacturing develops rapidly, especially, fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the economical methods with moderate tolerances and high design flexibility. Ample studies are being undertaken for modeling the mechanical characteristics of FDM by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Even in use of amorphous materials, FDM creates anisotropic structures effected by the chosen manufacturing parameters. In order to investigate these process-related characteristics and tailored properties of FDM structures, we prepare FDM-printed poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycol (PETG) samples with different process parameters. Mechanical and optical characterizations are carried out. We develop 2D-digital-image-correlation code with machine learning algorithm, namely K-means cluster, to analyze microstructures (contact surfaces, the changes in fiber shapes) and calculate porosity. By incorporating these characteristics, we draw CAD images. A digital twin of mechanical laboratory tests are realized by the FEM. We use computational homogenization approach for obtaining the effective properties of the FDM-related anisotropic structure. These simulations are validated by experimental characterizations. In this regard, a systematic methodology is presented for acquiring the anisotropy from the process related inner substructure (microscale) to the material response at the homogenized length scale (macroscale). We found out that the layer thickness and overlap ratio parameters significantly alter the microstructures and thereby, stiffness of the macroscale properties. Graphical Abstract

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“…While PLA is typically "transparent", its colour changes with the addition of wood and hemp fibres. The dark brown colour of the sample PLA-Entwined_3D, which deepens with the addition of hemp fibres, is, according to Debb and Jafferson [22], a consequence of the oxidation of carbohydrates under high shear stresses and high temperatures. The sample PLA-Woodfill_3D has light brown colour.…”

Section: Colour Differences Between Filaments and 3d Printed Samplesmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…A large increase in porosity is also a result of a higher decrease in the viscosity of the PLA melt flow. Consequently, decreased melt flow from the nozzle results in very poor adhesion between the layers in the printed specimen [22]. Due to poor interfacial adhesion between the layers, the stiffness decreased.…”

Section: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (Dma) Of Filaments and 3d Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colour Fastness to Various Agents and Dynamic Mechanical Characteristics of Biocomposite Filaments and 3D Printed Samples

et al. 2021

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The aim of the study was to analyse the colour fastness of 3D printed samples that could be used as decorative or household items. Such items are often fabricated with 3D printing. The colour of filaments affects not only the mechanical properties, but also the appearance and user satisfaction. Samples of biocomposite filaments (PLA and PLA with added wood and hemp fibres) were used. First, the morphological properties of the filaments and 3D printed samples were analysed and then, the colour fastness against different agents was tested (water, oil, detergent, light and elevated temperature). Finally, the dynamic mechanical properties of the filaments and 3D printed samples were determined. The differences in the morphology of the filaments and 3D printed samples were identified with SEM analysis. The most obvious differences were observed in the samples with wood fibres. All printed samples showed good resistance to water and detergents, but poorer resistance to oil. The sample printed with filaments with added wood fibres showed the lowest colour fastness against light and elevated temperatures. Compared to the filaments, the glass transition of the printed samples increased, while their stiffness decreased significantly. The lowest elasticity was observed in the samples with wood fibres. The filaments to which hemp fibres were added showed the reinforcement effect. Without the influence on their elasticity, the printed samples can be safely used between 60 and 65 °C.

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Natural fibers reinforced FDM 3D printing filaments

Cited by 59 publications

References 29 publications

Development and Characterization of a 3D Printed Cocoa Bean Shell Filled Recycled Polypropylene for Sustainable Composites

Development and Characterization of a 3D Printed Cocoa Bean Shell Filled Recycled Polypropylene for Sustainable Composites

Exploring the Role of Manufacturing Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Using PETG

Colour Fastness to Various Agents and Dynamic Mechanical Characteristics of Biocomposite Filaments and 3D Printed Samples

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