Natural course of health and well-being in non-hospitalised children and young people after testing for SARS-CoV-2: a prospective follow-up study over 12 months

Pereira, Snehal M Pinto; Shafran, Roz; Nugawela, Manjula D; Panagi, Laura; Hargreaves, Dougal; Ladhani, Shamez; Bennett, Sophie; Chalder, Trudie; Dalrymple, Emma; Ford, Tamsin; Heyman, Isobel; McOwat, Kelsey; Rojas, Natalia; Sharma, Kishan; Simmons, Ruth; White, Simon R.; Stephenson, Terence

doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100554

Cited by 27 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Recently published results from a longitudinal analysis of symptom prevalence from the UK CLoCK study showed that a majority of measured symptoms reduced in prevalence between 3 and 6 months post COVID suggesting a trajectory to recovery of PCC is likely across this time period. 27 Our data suggest that Long COVID as a debilitating, multi-system illness, that is experienced by only a minority of children with persistent symptoms 12 weeks following acute COVID-19, determined by a survey/questionnaire approach. We identified a relatively greater number of children with single symptom, mainly respiratory, upper and lower tract, persistent problems including loss of taste/smell.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

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Post COVID-19 conditions in Children and Adolescents at 3 months following a Delta outbreak in Australia: a cohort study

Britton

Burrell

Chapman

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Long COVID remains incompletely understood in children and adolescents with scant Australian data available. We aimed to assess the impacts of the 2021 Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak on symptoms and functioning 12 weeks post-acute infection in a cohort of children and adolescents. Methods: The parents (or next of kin) of 11864 children and adolescents from a population catchment who had mandatory contact with Sydney Childrens Hospital Network facilities during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (confirmed by PCR) were contacted by email or text message. Findings: 1731 (17.7%) responded to an online survey assessing symptoms, functional impairment. 203 of the responders (11.7%) gave answers that were consistent with continued symptoms and/or functional impairment and were flagged for clinical review. Of the 169 subsequently clinically reviewed, many had already recovered (n=63, 37.3%) or had a pre-existing condition exacerbated by COVID-19 (18, 10.7%); 64 (37.9%) were diagnosed with a Post COVID Condition (PCC). Of these, a minority we considered to have features compatible with the United Kingdom consensus cases definition for Long COVID (n=21). Interpretation: During an outbreak of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 an online questionnaire with subsequent clinical review revealed self-reported non-recovery at 12 weeks in a minority of cases, with a spectrum of features. Long COVID comprised only a subset of cases with self-reported non-recover, is infrequent in children and adolescents, but still comprises a likely significant burden that warrants attention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post COVID-19 conditions in Children and Adolescents at 3 months following a Delta outbreak in Australia: a cohort study

Britton

Burrell

Chapman

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…The course of long COVID can be fluctuating and protracted with worsening symptoms over time. 8 , 21 , 22 When investigating the individuals’ symptoms over time, we observed that most symptoms improved, while others worsened, and some reported new symptoms during the study period. This fluctuation of symptoms is an essential characteristic of post COVID-19 condition, as defined by the WHO, and has been documented by other studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Post COVID-19 condition after delta infection and omicron reinfection in children and adolescents

Ertesvåg¹,

Iversen²,

Blomberg³

et al. 2023

eBioMedicine

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“…The Children and young people with Long Covid (CLoCk) study, is the largest matched cohort study of Long Covid in CYP in the world. Based in England, CLoCk collects data on over 30,000 CYP testing positive and negative between September 2020 and March 2021 over a two-year period [4,5]. CLoCk followed 6,804 CYP 3 months after a SARS-CoV-2 PCR-test and found over half of CYP testing negative and 67% of those testing positive reported at least one symptom 3-months post-testing [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With studies on Long Covid, particularly those comparing test-positives to test-negatives, an additional source of bias could exist. For example, within the CLoCk study, to isolate the effect of Long Covid from that of living through a pandemic, researchers exclude from the analytic sample those (re)infected, that is, test-negatives who subsequently tested positive and test-positive CYP who were subsequently reinfected [4]. This criterion yields a cohort of CYP who, as per the data available, appear to have either (i) always tested negative, or (ii) tested positive only once.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing survey weights to ensure representativeness in a national, matched cohort study: results from the Children and young people with Long Covid (CLoCk) study.

Rojas

Stavola

Norris

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Findings from studies assessing Long Covid in children and young people (CYP) need to be viewed in light of their methodological limitations. For example, if non-response and/or attrition over time systematically differ by sub-groups of CYP, findings could be biased and generalisation limited. The present study aimed to (i) construct survey weights for the Children and young people with Long Covid (CLoCk) study, and (ii) apply them to published CLoCk findings showing the prevalence of shortness of breath and tiredness increased over time from baseline to 12-months post-baseline in both SARS-CoV-2 Positive and Negative CYP. Methods: Logistic regression was used to compute the probability of (i) Responding given envisioned to take part, (ii) Responding timely given responded, and (iii) (Re)infection given timely response. Response, timely response and (re)infection weights were generated as the reciprocal of the corresponding probability, with an overall ‘envisioned population’ survey weight derived as the product of these weights. Survey weights were trimmed, and an interactive tool developed to re-calibrate target population survey weights to the general population using data from the 2021 UK Census. Results: Flexible survey weights for the CLoCk study were successfully developed. In the illustrative example re-weighted results (when accounting for selection in response, attrition, and (re)infection) were consistent with published findings. Conclusions: Flexible survey weights to address potential bias and selection issues were created for and used in the CLoCk study. Previously reported prospective findings from CLoCk are generalisable to the wider population of CYP in England. This study highlights the importance of considering selection into a sample and attrition over time when considering generalisability of findings.

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Natural course of health and well-being in non-hospitalised children and young people after testing for SARS-CoV-2: a prospective follow-up study over 12 months

Cited by 27 publications

References 21 publications

Post COVID-19 conditions in Children and Adolescents at 3 months following a Delta outbreak in Australia: a cohort study

Post COVID-19 conditions in Children and Adolescents at 3 months following a Delta outbreak in Australia: a cohort study

Post COVID-19 condition after delta infection and omicron reinfection in children and adolescents

Developing survey weights to ensure representativeness in a national, matched cohort study: results from the Children and young people with Long Covid (CLoCk) study.

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