Natural concurrent infections associated with infectious laryngotracheitis in layer chickens

Couto, Rodrigo M.; Braga, Juliana Fortes Vilarinho; Gomes, Sandra Y. M.; Resende, Maria Aparecida de; Martins, Nélson Rodrigo da Silva; Ecco, Roselene

doi:10.3382/japr/pfv075

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Simultaneously occurring infections due to both ILT and APV are rarely described in the literature [34,[43][44][45]. We confirmed coinfection with APV in only one submission of hens from a backyard flock, with severe fibrinous oculonasal discharge and diphtheric lesions spread over the entire length of the trachea, which are indicative for ILT and for the diphtheric form of APV.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…In a prospective study of the prevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens in small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada, ILT was detected in 16%, MS in 36%, and MG in 23% of chicken samples examined, and mixed infection with all three pathogens was confirmed in eight of 133 chicken submissions [35]. In a study of commercial layers infected with ILT, Couto et al [34] found coinfection with Mycoplasma spp. in 22.6% of samples investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coinfections or secondary infections in diseases caused by viral pathogens such as ILTV may provide a more serious condition and lead to increased mortality [33,34]. Most reports of ILT mixed infections detected by molecular methods or the isolation of pathogens are associated with backyard flocks, although they have also been confirmed in commercial poultry [16,17,[33][34][35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Laryngotracheitis Virus in Poultry Flocks with Respiratory Disorders in Slovenia

Rojs

Dovč

Krapež

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute, highly contagious infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract in chickens and other poultry species that causes significant economic losses in countries worldwide. Between 2017 and 2019, seven outbreaks of mild to severe respiratory disorders with high suspicion of ILT occurred in commercial and backyard poultry flocks in Slovenia. In all submissions, infection with ILT virus (ILTV) was confirmed by PCR, which is the first report of ILT in Slovenia. Circulating ILT strains were characterized by the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of two fragments of the ICP4 gene. Four strains—three detected in non-vaccinated flocks and one in a flock vaccinated against ILT—were identical or very similar to the chicken embryo–origin live virus vaccines, and the other three were closely related to Russian, Chinese, Australian, and American field strains and to tissue culture origin vaccine strains. As in other diseases, coinfections with other respiratory pathogens in confirmed ILT cases may cause a more severe condition and prolong the course of the disease. In our study, coinfections with Mycoplasma synoviae (7/7 tested flocks), infectious bronchitis virus (5/5 tested flocks), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (4/7 tested flocks), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (3/4 tested flocks), and avian pox virus (1/2 tested flocks) were confirmed, indicating the importance of these pathogens in the occurrence of ILT infections.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Laryngotracheitis Virus in Poultry Flocks with Respiratory Disorders in Slovenia

Rojs

Dovč

Krapež

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…The consensus of each isolate was compared to those available in GenBank® using Nucleotide BLAST® software (NCBI, 2017) to determine the mycoplasma species. The samples used for MG phylogeny included Brazilian isolates obtained by Couto et al (2015) in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, with the following accession numbers: KJ019166 (UFMG 2011-1); KJ019167 (UFMG 2011-2); KJ019168 (UFMG 2011-3); KJ019169 (UFMG 2012); KJ019170 (MG 70); samples from other countries with the following accession numbers were used: HQ143383 (MG F USA); JQ770172 (MG S6); KC247865 (MG 6-85); JN935873 (MG PG31); KC247863 (MG USA-R-CK60); and KC247864 (MG TS-11). The IGSR isolate and reference sequences were aligned using Clustal-W, and a dendrogram was constructed using the neighbor-joining method with 1000-bootstrap replicates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Differentiation of Chicken Mycoplasma Isolates Using 16S-23S Intergenic Spacer Region Sequencing

Santos

Brandão

et al. 2019

Braz. J. Poult. Sci.

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The objective of this study was to identify the species and characterize the genetic relationships among mycoplasma isolates from commercial layer hen flocks using 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (IGSR) sequencing. Twenty-one isolates were obtained from samples collected from commercial layer flocks in four Brazilian states: São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. The isolates were recovered from the São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo states. Eleven isolates were originated from tracheal swabs, five from shell gland swabs and five from ovary fragment collection. The 16S-23S rDNA IGSR of isolates were amplified by PCR, and the obtained products were subsequently sequenced. The consensus of each isolate was compared to the available sequences using Nucleotide BLAST ® to determine the mycoplasma species. A phylogenetic analysis of the Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) sequences was performed. Pairwise analyses showed homologies of 99% to 100% with the previously characterized sequences listed in GenBank ®. Four Mycoplasma gallinaceum were isolated from three flocks and seven M. pullorum isolates were obtained from a single flock. The other 10 isolates were all identified as MG and were obtained from four flocks. The 16S-23S rDNA IGSR sequencing was a good method to identify Mycoplasma species isolated from field samples, providing fast and reliable results at relatively low costs. The results were also satisfactory for the single-locus sequence typing of MG isolates.

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“…However, opportunities provided in the free-range system allow for the expression of a variety of behaviours, interactions and physical experiences (e.g., being exposed to uncontrolled environmental conditions) which may impact hen health, welfare, and survival [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. For example, free-range flocks are frequently diagnosed with Spotty Liver Diseases (up to 20% prevalence), high and low pathogenic avian influenza, fowl cholera, infectious laryngotracheitis, and salmonella (up to 53% prevalence), or gastrointestinal parasites (up to 100% prevalence) [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. The compromised biosecurity due to the exposure of the hens to the outdoors and subsequently wild birds, rodents and other unfavourable environmental conditions (water puddles, defecated areas) are held primarily responsible for these problems [ 4 , 6 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing Free-Range Laying Hens—Part B: Early Range Users Have More Pathology Findings at the End of Lay but Have a Significantly Higher Chance of Survival—An Indicative Study

Sibanda

O’Shea

Vilela

et al. 2020

Animals

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While free-range laying hens frequently experience health and welfare challenges, the contribution of range use towards these risks are largely unknown. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the survival, health and welfare of commercial free-range laying hens and explore the association with early range use. Range use of 9375 Lohmann Brown hens housed within five flocks was assessed during 18–21 weeks of age and individual hens were classified as “rangers” (frequent range users), “roamers” (intermittent range users), and “stayers” (rare/no range users) were then subject to necropsy at 74 weeks of age. Rangers and roamers were three times and 2.4 times more likely to survive than stayers, respectively (p = 0.001). Overall, rangers had significantly better feather cover and more lesions associated with spotty liver diseases compared to roamers and stayers (p = 0.001). Similarly, rangers and roamers had a higher prevalence of A. galli infection and less frequent signs of fatty liver syndrome compared to stayers. Rangers had a higher proportion of hens with full ovary follicle production compared to stayers and roamers (p = 0.035). This information is highly relevant to consider the targeted support of different flock subpopulations to improve hen health and welfare, directly affecting farm profitability. Further research on other farms is warranted to investigate the transferability of the observed results.

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Natural concurrent infections associated with infectious laryngotracheitis in layer chickens

Cited by 9 publications

References 43 publications

Detection of Laryngotracheitis Virus in Poultry Flocks with Respiratory Disorders in Slovenia

Detection of Laryngotracheitis Virus in Poultry Flocks with Respiratory Disorders in Slovenia

Characterization and Differentiation of Chicken Mycoplasma Isolates Using 16S-23S Intergenic Spacer Region Sequencing

Managing Free-Range Laying Hens—Part B: Early Range Users Have More Pathology Findings at the End of Lay but Have a Significantly Higher Chance of Survival—An Indicative Study

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