Natural Clay as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Crystal Violet Dye Removal and Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

This investigation aimed at evaluating the efficiency of micro and nanoclays as a low-cost material for the removal of crystal violet (CV) dye from an aqueous solution. The impacts of various factors (contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, initial dye concentration) on the adsorption process have been taken into consideration. Six micro and nanoclay samples were obtained by treating clay materials collected from different locations in the Albaha region, Saudi Arabia. Out of the six tested micro and nanoclays materials, two (NCQ1 and NCQ3) were selected based on the highest adsorption efficiency for complete experimentation. The morphology and structure of the selected micro and nanoclay adsorbents were characterized by various techniques: SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRF, XRD, and ICP-MS. The XRF showed that the main oxides of both nanoclays were SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, CaO, and MgO, and the rest were impurities. All the parameters affecting the adsorption of CV dye were optimized in a batch system, and the optimized working conditions were an equilibrium time of 120 min, a dose of 30 mg, a temperature of 25 °C, and an initial CV concentration of 400 mg/L. The equilibrium data were tested using nonlinear isotherm and kinetic models, which showed that the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics gave the best fit with the experimental data, indicating a physico-chemical interaction occurred between the CV dye and both selected micro and nanoclay surfaces. The maximum adsorption capacities of NCQ1 and NCQ3 adsorbents were 206.73 and 203.66 mg/g, respectively, at 25 °C. The thermodynamic factors revealed that the CV dye adsorption of both micro and nanoclays was spontaneous and showed an exothermic process. Therefore, the examined natural micro and nanoclays adsorbents are promising effective adsorbents for the elimination of CV dye from an aqueous environment.

Development of a Novel Adsorbent Prepared from Dredging Sediment for Effective Removal of Dye in Aqueous Solutions

“…The influence of several operating parameters on the adsorption of CV dye onto DSD powder was investigated by performing several batch experiments. Tests were executed by varying the solution's pH (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11), contact time (0-300 min), and temperature (20-50 • C) with a dye initial concentration of 30 mg/L and at a fixed adsorbent dosage of 30 mg/30 mL (at a temperature of 20 • C ± 1). The adsorption isotherm was studied with adsorbate concentrations ranging from 4 to 250 mg/L at neutral pH (~7.0).…”

“…Removal of CV dye from water by adsorption technique has been widely studied in several previous studies [6,7]. For example, natural clays collected from different locations in the Albaha region, Saudi Arabia, was proven to have the capability to remove CV via exothermic processes [8].…”

“…Several characteristics of DSD samples have been outlined by using XRD, XRF, FTIR, BET-N 2 , and point of zero charge (pH PZC ) analysis to learn more about the properties of DSD powder properties. Batch adsorption tests of CV dye were studied by varying pH value (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11), stirring time (0-300 min), adsorbate concentration (4-250 mg/L), and temperature (20-50 • C) to explore the sorption behavior (capacity and mechanisms) of CV dye onto DSD adsorbent. The application of different mathematical models to analyze the kinetics and isotherm data was also investigated herein.…”

Adsorption of Methylene Blue by Biosorption on Alkali-Treated Solanum incanum: Isotherms, Equilibrium and Mechanism

“…Various approaches include photocatalytic degradation [11], ozone-based processes [12], membrane separation [13], free radical degradation [14], coagulation [15], chemical oxidation [16], and adsorption [17,18], etc. Among these approaches, adsorption has been considered as one of the most efficient methods for the removal of pollutants due to its low cost, high specific adsorption performance, economic method with efficient performance, high efficiency, and non-toxic adsorbents [19][20][21].…”

Quaternization of Poly(2-diethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) Brush-Grafted Magnetic Mesoporous Nanoparticles Using 2-Iodoethanol for Removing Anionic Dyes

“…Recently, several conventional adsorbents (e.g., activated carbons [35], ordered mesoporous carbons [36], metal-organic frameworks [37], carbon nanotubes [38], graphenebased nanocomposites [39], activated carbons [40] and natural clay [41] have been used for the removal of dyes from contaminated water solutions. However, most of these solid adsorbents are not widely practiced due to poor selectivity, high cost, difficult disposal, and complex preparation processes.…”