Natural antimicrobial delivery systems: Formulation, antimicrobial activity, and mechanism of action of quillaja saponin-stabilized carvacrol nanoemulsions

Ryu, Victor; McClements, David Julian; Corradini, Maria G.; Yang, Jason Szuhao; McLandsborough, Lynne

doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.04.017

Cited by 54 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Thus, the CVNE and BNE were considered monodisperse according to the parameters described above. Another study on CVNEs containing MCT exhibited similar results [ 35 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…The interaction of MCT and CV in the oil phase of CVNE may have contributed to the increase in droplet size in relation to the BNE. It has already been reported that the droplet size of CVNEs can vary according to the proportion of CV/MCT ratio in the oil phase [ 35 ]. The proportions of CV/MCT, surfactants, and ultrasonic parameters were responsible for the size of the CVNE.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Evaluation of Carvacrol-loaded Nanoemulsion

et al. 2021

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Carvacrol (CV) is an essential oil with numerous therapeutic properties, including immunomodulatory activity. However, this effect has not been studied in nanoemulsion systems. The objective of this study was to develop an innovative carvacrol-loaded nanoemulsion (CVNE) for immunomodulatory action. The developed CVNE comprised of 5% w/w oily phase (medium chain triglycerides + CV), 2% w/w surfactants (Tween 80®/Span 80®), and 93% w/w water, and was produced by ultrasonication. Dynamic light scattering over 90 days was used to characterize CVNE. Cytotoxic activity and quantification of cytokines were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture supernatants. CVNE achieved a drug loading of 4.29 mg/mL, droplet size of 165.70 ± 0.46 nm, polydispersity index of 0.14 ± 0.03, zeta potential of −10.25 ± 0.52 mV, and good stability for 90 days. CVNE showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 200 µM in PBMCs. CV diminished the production of IL-2 in the PBMC supernatant. However, CVNE reduced the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-17, and IFN-γ at 50 µM. In conclusion, a stable CVNE was produced, which improved the CV immunomodulatory activity in PBMCs.

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“…Thus, the CVNE and BNE were considered monodisperse according to the parameters described above. Another study on CVNEs containing MCT exhibited similar results [ 35 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Evaluation of Carvacrol-loaded Nanoemulsion

et al. 2021

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“…One strategy for overcoming these limitations is the emulsification of CV. Nanoemulsions have been used for enhancing the chemical and physical stability of essential oils, minimizing organoleptic changes and improving biological activity (Moraes-Lovison et al 2017;Ryu et al 2018;Noori et al 2018;Chuesiang et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and characterization of a carvacrol nanoemulsion and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity against selected food‐related pathogens

Felício

Souza

Melo

et al. 2020

Lett Appl Microbiol

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Significance and impact of the study: Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis and S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium can cause contamination in fresh or processed food products. The use of natural compounds, for instance carvacrol, can be an alternative to the use of synthetic bactericides. Our data demonstrate that the carvacrol nanoemulsion (NECV) had stability for up to 90 days, promoted inhibitory activity against all evaluated microorganisms , and improved antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and S. Typhimurium when compared to free oil. These findings suggest that NECV can be evaluated as a food preservative to promote antimicrobial activity.

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“…The antimicrobial properties of a micelle depends on its availability in the aqueous phase 28 . Emulsions of essential oils generated using surfactants such as Tween 80 or Triton X100, which are non-ionic in nature, had lower antimicrobial efficacy against Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes than the unmodified essential oils [28][29][30] . The current study determined that PA emulsions formed using Tween 80 and Triton X100 had lower (p < 0.05) inhibitory activity against all three Salmonella serotypes, in comparison to Quillaja saponin and SDS (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Pelargonic Acid Micelles against Salmonella varies by Surfactant, Serotype and Stress Response

Kumar

Solval

Mishra

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The antimicrobial properties of Pelargonic acid (PA), a component of tomatoes, makes it an attractive candidate as a food additive and sanitizer. The antimicrobial efficacy of PA emulsions generated using surfactants: Tween 80, Triton X100, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and Quillaja Saponin was evaluated against Salmonella serotypes Newport, Oranienburg and Typhimurium. Micelle/dropletsize, and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined. Surfactant type and concentration significantly influenced the antimicrobial efficacy of PA (p < 0.05). Overall, Salmonella Newport was the most (p < 0.05) susceptible serotype to PA emulsions. PA emulsions generated with 1.00% SDS had the highest (p < 0.05) antimicrobial activity, with MIC of 7.82 mM against S. Newport and 15.62 mM against S. Oranienburg/S. Typhimurium, respectively. Addition of PA to Trypticase Soy Broth resulted in a decreased growth rate and an increased lag phase duration. Cells exposed to PA formed elongated filaments (>5 µm). Additionally, Salmonella serotypes Typhimurium and Newport also formed floccular biofilms. PA emulsions at a concentration of 31.25 mM generated using 1% SDS and 1% Quillaja saponin resulted in >6 log CFU/ml reduction in Salmonella population. Althought all PA emulsions evalauted inhibited Salmonella, morphological changes to this antimicrobial varied substantially among the Salmonella serotypes tested. Non-typhoidal Salmonella are one of the most commonly implicated bacterial agents of foodborne infection in the United States 1. A wide variety of Salmonella serotypes have been responsible for outbreaks associated with poultry, produce, beef, low moisture food and petfood 2. The heterogeneity among food matrices indicates that different levels of stress tolerances could occur among Salmonella serotypes 3. Further, the rise of Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) in Salmonella is threat of immediate concern with dire ramifications that requires the exploration of antimicrobial agents and a better understanding of antimicrobial resistance strategies in Salmonella 4. Antibiotic resistant bacteria result in 700,000 deaths every year globally and have been on the rise 5,6. Sanitizers, such as quarternary ammonium compounds (QACs), when used at sub-lethal concentrations, can contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens 7. There is a strong evidence that antibiotic resistance and biocide resistance in bacteria are linked; the phenomenon is referred to as biocide-antibiotic cross-resistance or cross-tolerance 8. Thus, the possibility that human enteric pathogens could develop resistance against conventional biocides along with multidrug-resistance, calls for the development of new sanitizers and antimicrobial compounds. Plants have been used for millennia and remain a promising source of antimicrobial compounds to substitute for currently used sanitizers and antibiotics. Plant derived fatty acids such as lauric acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, caproic, caprylic, and capric acid have demonstrated anti...

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Natural antimicrobial delivery systems: Formulation, antimicrobial activity, and mechanism of action of quillaja saponin-stabilized carvacrol nanoemulsions

Cited by 54 publications

References 39 publications

Development, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Evaluation of Carvacrol-loaded Nanoemulsion

Development, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Evaluation of Carvacrol-loaded Nanoemulsion

Development and characterization of a carvacrol nanoemulsion and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity against selected food‐related pathogens

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Pelargonic Acid Micelles against Salmonella varies by Surfactant, Serotype and Stress Response

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