Native language experience shapes pre‐attentive foreign tone processing and guides rapid memory trace build‐up: An ERP study

Abstract

Language experience, particularly from our native language (L1), shapes our perception of other languages around us. The present study examined how L1 experience moulds the initial processing of foreign (L2) tone during acquisition. In particular, we investigated whether learners were able to rapidly forge new neural memory traces for novel tonal words, which was tracked by recording learners’ ERP responses during two word acquisition sessions. We manipulated the degree of L1–L2 familiarity by comparing learners with a nontonal L1 (German) and a tonal L1 (Swedish) and by using tones that were similar (fall) or dissimilar (high, low, rise) to those occurring in Swedish. Our results indicate that a rapid, pre‐attentive memory trace build‐up for tone manifests in an early ERP component at ~50 ms but only at particularly high levels of L1–L2 similarity. Specifically, early processing was facilitated for an L2 tone that had a familiar pitch shape (fall) and word‐level function (inflection). This underlines the importance of these L1 properties for the early processing of L2 tone. In comparison, a later anterior negativity related to the processing of the tones’ grammatical content was unaffected by native language experience but was instead influenced by lexicality, pitch prominence, entrenchment, and successful learning. Behaviorally, learning effects emerged for all learners and tone types, regardless of L1–L2 familiarity or pitch prominence. Together, the findings suggest that while L1‐based facilitation effects occur, they mainly affect early processing stages and do not necessarily result in more successful L2 acquisition at behavioral level.

Electrophysiology of Word Learning

“…In turn, the STG activity pattern was interpreted to reflect the effect of overnight consolidation of suffix representations as well as lexicalization processes. Remarkably, learning morphological/grammatical features implemented as a tone (rather than a distinct affix) was also shown to be reflected online in a range of responses including an early word recognition component (~50 ms), an early left anterior negativity (ELAN), a left anterior negativity (LAN), and a P600 response [e.g., 75,76]. Kimppa and others [62] examined the processing of real morphologically complex words as well as new combinations of an existing stem and an existing derivational suffix (i.e., novel derived forms) and those of an existing stem and a novel inflectional suffix (i.e., novel inflected forms).…”