Native based oils for the production of lubricants — Development status and deficits

Brenneis, Rudolf; Wichmann, Hubertus; Sprenger, Regina; Eickhoff, Astrid; Bock, Ralf; Dettmer, Tina; Baeck, Burkhard; Reger, Christian; Bahadir, Müfit

doi:10.1065/uwsf2006.03.115

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Elevated contents of FFA pose problems for the application of technical fatty acid esters [5] as well as for use of vegetable oils [10,11]. Membrane applications have been considered among other alternatives for the removal of FFA from oil matrices, but the results were only moderate leading to just partial deacidification, i. e., mostly by 40 to 60% [10, 11, 20 -22].…”

Section: Elimination Of Free Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By considering the cost factor, the production of fatty acid esters was recently initiated from cheap waste edible and animal fats, which are substantially more economical raw materials [3,4]. In this respect, processes must be developed that yield high quality ester products from waste fats without losing the advantage of low-cost raw materials due to particularly high costs for production and refinement [5]. Today, the latter consists of cost and energy intensive production steps, e. g., distillation under reduced pressure, catalytic hydrogenation and fractional crystallization [6].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Feasibility Study on Membrane‐Aided Cleanup and Fractionation of Fatty Acid Esters Produced from Waste Fats

Wichmann

Sahlabji

Ohnesorge

et al. 2008

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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Significant efforts are being made to replace mineral oil by renewable raw materials in technical products such as lubricating oils. Energy-and cost-effective production and refinement routes for such oils, e. g., fatty acid esters, are in progress. In this context, a feasibility study is performed into whether the application of membrane-aided separation procedures is suitable for the hydrophobic matrix of fatty acid methylesters (FAME). It is found that an enrichment of saturated acid esters from 28 to 51% is possible in just three steps for an unsaturated fatty acid ester matrix. The free fatty acids content can also be considerably reduced. This cleanup effect can be enhanced by the inclusion of a basic additive. Background and AimsOne example of today's attempts to substitute technical mineral oil fluids by those based on renewable raw products are cooling lubricants, which are applied for metal-working processes. These fluids are responsible for cooling and lubricating the contact area between the tool and the workpiece and also rinse the resulting chips away. About 1.2 million tons of lubricants are employed in Germany annually. However, these highly additive-amended fluids cause work related physiological and ecological problems during application and disposal.Fatty acid esters as base oils produced from plant oils are already being developed as alternative lubricants. Although offering remarkable advantages, they are rarely applied in practice, because of their comparably high price resulting from raw materials and production costs [1,2]. By considering the cost factor, the production of fatty acid esters was recently initiated from cheap waste edible and animal fats, which are substantially more economical raw materials [3,4]. In this respect, processes must be developed that yield high quality ester products from waste fats without losing the advantage of low-cost raw materials due to particularly high costs for production and refinement [5]. Today, the latter consists of cost and energy intensive production steps, e. g., distillation under reduced pressure, catalytic hydrogenation and fractional crystallization [6].In this context, the approach of producing the fatty acid esters by means of enzymatic alcoholysis is surely a valuable step [7,8]. Furthermore, the question has arisen as to whether the use of membranes for cleanup and separation processes could also contribute to a low-cost and energy saving modern production process for customized technical fatty acid ester oils. Only a few publications are cited in the literature for examining this focused direction and these are mostly applied for edible oil treatment [9 -15]. Therefore, the aim of this feasibility study was to examine the efficiency of membranes in the ester oil production process. Materials and Methods DialysisThe separation efficiencies of membranes were tested by dialysis under ambient pressure. The self-constructed dialysis device is depicted in Fig. 1. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) used for these experiments were all indus...

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Section: Elimination Of Free Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility Study on Membrane‐Aided Cleanup and Fractionation of Fatty Acid Esters Produced from Waste Fats

Wichmann

Sahlabji

Ohnesorge

et al. 2008

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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Bio‐based Ester Oils for Use as Lubricants in Metal Working

Wichmann¹,

Bahadir

2007

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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The potential application of bio-based ester oils for use as lubricants in metal working has been investigated for sustainable production processes in the future. When waste edible and animal fats came into focus as starting materials, it was already proven, that ester oils produced from plant fats performed very well as cooling lubricants. Waste fats were first characterized by analyzing and monitoring samples for one complete year. Inorganic and organic contaminations were found to be low and without seasonal variations. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were produced by transesterification of the waste fats and they were separated into fractions with saturated FAME or unsaturated FAME by fractional crystallisation (winterisation). Further transesterification with 2-ethylhexanol led to products that could be successfully tested as lubricants. The development of an extraction process aimed at the recycling of oil containing grinding mud by enabling the recirculation of lubricating oil and reutilization of oil-free metal chips. Aims and ScopeIn order to save limited resources of mineral oils and to use renewable feedstock it is an urgent issue to develop alternative working substances for different application areas and for a sustainable production management of goods in the near future. An example for this is the substitution of non-watermiscible lubricating oils for metal processing. The consumption of these lubricants in Germany is assessed as 40,000 t per year. It already has been reported in the literature that mineral oil fractions applied as lubricant base oils can be replaced by fatty acid ester oils, bearing technical and ecological advantages. Nevertheless, so far ester oils are barely applied in industrial practice, mainly due to their price which is still slightly higher compared to the mineral oil products and due to a lack of acceptance by users, as well. The aim of this paper is to give an insight into steps that have already been undertaken at Braunschweig University of Technology together with cooperating partners in order to prepare a marketability of bio-based ester oils for lubricants applied in metal working processes. Actions and Results Fats and Ester Oils as Starting Materials of LubricantsThe renewable basis of ester oil lubricants can be plant oils and fats, technical animal fats, or waste edible fats. First, successful investigations have been performed with plant oils, transesterified stepwise with methanol and 2-ethylhexanol. The resulting esters showed very good performance when applied as lubricating oils [1]. At present, these plant oils are too expensive as starting materials because of high market demand due to the fastly growing biodiesel production. Recently, waste fats came into focus. German rendering plants produce 300,000 t animal fat per year. Additionally, 120,000 t/a of waste edible fats are collected from catering services and food industry. In the past, these raw materials have been widely used as nutritional additives for animal fodder. But some years ago, they have be...

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