National Trends in the Outpatient Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in Youth

Abstract

Although bipolar disorder may have its onset during childhood, little is known about national trends in the diagnosis and management of bipolar disorder in young people.Objectives: To present national trends in outpatient visits with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and to compare the treatment provided to youth and adults during those visits.Design: We compare rates of growth between 1994-1995 and 2002-2003 in visits with a bipolar disorder diagnosis by individuals aged 0 to 19 years vs those aged 20 years or older. For the period of 1999 to 2003, we also compare demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics of youth and adult bipolar disorder visits.Setting: Outpatient visits to physicians in office-based practice.Participants: Patient visits from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003) with a bipolar disorder diagnosis (n = 962).Main Outcome Measures: Visits with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder by youth (aged 0-19 years) and by adults (aged Ն20 years). Results:The estimated annual number of youth office-based visits with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder increased from 25 (1994)(1995) to 1003 (2002-2003) visits per 100 000 population, and adult visits with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder increased from 905 to 1679 visits per 100 000 population during this period. In 1999 to 2003, most youth bipolar disorder visits were by males (66.5%), whereas most adult bipolar disorder visits were by females (67.6%); youth were more likely than adults to receive a comorbid diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (32.2% vs 3.0%, respectively; P Ͻ .001); and most youth (90.6%) and adults (86.4%) received a psychotropic medication during bipolar disorder visits, with comparable rates of mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants prescribed for both age groups.Conclusions: There has been a recent rapid increase in the diagnosis of youth bipolar disorder in office-based medical settings. This increase highlights a need for clinical epidemiological reliability studies to determine the accuracy of clinical diagnoses of child and adolescent bipolar disorder in community practice.

Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: Theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations

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ADHD and DMDD Comorbidities, Similarities and Distinctions

“…For the child's mania, the debate turned to the more or less "wide" definition of the notion of mania, which caused a major variation in the estimations of prevalence of bipolar disorder in pediatric population. Indeed, during the last ten years, diagnosis of bipolar disorders in children almost doubled [5].…”

Is There Evidence for the Bipolar Spectrum and the Safety of Pharmaceutical Interventions?

“…While in 1996, pediatric bipolar was the least frequent diagnosis for hospitalized children; by 2004, it was the most frequent diagnosis (Blader & Carlson, 2007). More specifically, within eight years the diagnosis for children occurred more than forty times as frequently as in earlier periods with the diagnosis being offered in office visits in 1994-1995 just 0.01% of the time, but offered 0.44% of the time in 2002-2003(Moreno, Laje, Blanco, Jiang, Schmidt, & Olfson, 2007. Though the increase was less dramatic for adults, Moreno et al (2007) reported that adult bipolar diagnoses during mental health office visits increased from 4.77% to 6.58%, a 38% increase.…”