National Stereotypes and the “Reference Group” Concept

Diab, Lutfy N.

doi:10.1080/00224545.1962.9710931

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Meenes, 1943), which suggested that stereotype content was not ®xed but could change in dierent contexts. Using the Katz±Braly paradigm, Diab (1962Diab ( , 1963a demonstrated empirically how stereotype content can vary depending on the number and type of groups respondents are asked to make judgements of, and the order in which judgements are made. Typically, however, these early studies of stereotype variation failed to explain ®ndings in the context of a coherent and persuasive theoretical perspective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulating stereotype rating tasks: understanding questionnaire context effects on measures of attitudes, social identity and stereotypes

Cinnirella

1998

J. Community. Appl. Soc. Psychol.

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Context eects in the questionnaire measurement of national stereotypes have been demonstrated in many studies since the early pioneering work of Katz and Braly (1933). More recently, self-categorization approaches (e.g. Oakes, have been used to explain context eects, with the suggestion that variation in stereotype content can be conceptualized as variation in the comparative meaning of categories, as speci®ed by the metacontrast principle. However, the methodological consequences of stereotype context eects for survey responding remain poorly understood. Using an experimental questionnaire manipulation, the current study demonstrates empirically that varying the stereotype rating task presented to respondents can have knock-on eects on responding in other questionnaire modulesÐin this case, modules exploring attitudes to European integration and national and European social identities. It is suggested that stereotype rating tasks might activate some social identities whilst inhibiting the activation of others, and that these eects might be aected by the level of abstraction of the social identities concerned. # 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulating stereotype rating tasks: understanding questionnaire context effects on measures of attitudes, social identity and stereotypes

Cinnirella

1998

J. Community. Appl. Soc. Psychol.

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“…as 'democratic' rather than 'superficial') when characterized at the same time as six rather than 12 other groups and immediately after Russians rather than Germans. Diab's studies draw attention to another aspect of the sensitivity of stereotypes to the specific context of their production (cf: Diab, 1962). Not only do they change as a consequence of particular social events which disturb intergroup relations (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The frame of reference variable is also more subtle than that employed by Diab: it involves extension of the comparative frame across three conditions rather than either substitution of one set of comparison groups for another (cf. Diab, 1963a) or large variation in the number of comparison groups (cf. Diab, 1963b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Context‐dependent variation in social stereotyping 1: The effects of intergroup relations as mediated by social change and frame of reference

Haslam

Turner

Oakes

et al. 1992

Euro J Social Psych

191

136

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“…The argument that category identity is inherently relational and hence variable according to the frame of reference is supported by a range of stereotyping studies which make reference to national categories. For example, Diab (1962Diab ( , 1963a showed that national stereotypes were not ®xed and invariant but dependent upon the others included in the questionnaire. More speci®cally, Diab (1963a) showed that Americans' were described more positively if they were judged in a condition in which six rather than 12 groups were considered, and when they were judged immediately after the Russians rather than the Germans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the ‘other’ in national identity: exploring the context‐dependence of the national ingroup stereotype

Hopkins

Murdoch

1999

J. Community. Appl. Soc. Psychol.

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Analysts from a range of disciplines (especially sociology and social anthropology) highlight the role of the`other' in the construction and de®nition of national identity. Recently some social psychologists have come to emphasize the inherently relational nature of identity. Drawing upon these recent investigations, the present paper reports a ®eld study investigating the context-dependent nature of group identity. Using a modi®ed version of the Katz±Braly task, British subjects (n 240) stereotyped two national groups: Americans and British. They did so in two conditions. In the`one-group' conditions, subjects rated either of the two groups. In the`two-group' conditions, they rated one whilst also considering the other. Following Oakes, Haslam and Turner (1994) we predicted that whereas subjects' stereotypes of the national outgroup (the Americans) would be unaected by this manipulation, their stereotype of the national ingroup (the British) would be aected. This prediction was con®rmed. We also predicted that the national ingroup stereotype obtained in the`two-group' condition would be one which was de®ned in contrast to the American`other' which constituted the comparative context. Using a measure which takes into account the applicability of ingroup-de®ning terms to both the ingroup and the outgroup (the diagnosticity measure of stereotyping proposed by McCauley and Stitt, 1978) we show that the ingroup identity de®nition produced in this condition did indeed dierentiate the British from the Americans. The signi®cance of these data for those concerned with the application of social psychological theory to real-life social problems is discussed.

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National Stereotypes and the “Reference Group” Concept

Cited by 25 publications

References 10 publications

Manipulating stereotype rating tasks: understanding questionnaire context effects on measures of attitudes, social identity and stereotypes

Manipulating stereotype rating tasks: understanding questionnaire context effects on measures of attitudes, social identity and stereotypes

Context‐dependent variation in social stereotyping 1: The effects of intergroup relations as mediated by social change and frame of reference

The role of the ‘other’ in national identity: exploring the context‐dependence of the national ingroup stereotype

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