National Science Foundation: A Ten-Year Résumé

Scientific literacy: A conceptual overview

“…At about the same time, Americans -again sparked by the space race -became concerned about whether their children were receiving the kind of education that would enable them to cope with a society of increasing scientific and technological sophistication (Hurd, 1958). Increasing the level of scientific literacy among Americans was seen as a strategy for effectively addressing both of the above concerns (Hurd, 1958;Waterman, 1960). Roberts (1983) reviewed the period from the 1950s to the late 1970s, and the conclusions reached about scientific literacy as a concept in those years, which are presented in what follows, are based on this review.…”

“…The impetus for interest in scientific literacy during the late 1950s is likely to have been the concern of the American science community about public support for science in order to respond to the Soviet launch of Sputnik. Waterman (1960) wrote in a review of the first 10 years of the U.S. National Science Foundation of the recognition that "progress in science depends to a considerable extent on public understanding and support of a sustained program of science education and research" (p. 1349). At about the same time, Americans -again sparked by the space race -became concerned about whether their children were receiving the kind of education that would enable them to cope with a society of increasing scientific and technological sophistication (Hurd, 1958).…”

The Level of Scientific Literacy in a Sample of Pre-Tertiary Education Students in Saudi Arabia

“…. (Shamos,1989) »ª∏©dG QƒaeàdG Ωƒ¡Øà Ωɪàg'G C GóH óbh ) ¿ƒµj ¿C G ≈ae©Ã ᫪∏©dG áaô©ŸG øe ≈fOC G óM Ö©°ûdG áeÉY iód ( »YÉae°U ôªb ∫hC G â«aƒ°ùdG ≥∏WC G ÉeóaeY ¿ÉeôJhh ôcP óbh .1957 áae°S (∂aeJƒÑ°S) (Waterman, 1960) Ωó≤àdG{ ¿C G Oó°üdG Gòg ' º«∏©J èeGÈd π°UGƒàŸG º¡ªYOh ,º∏©dG á©«Ñ£d áeÉ©dG º¡a ≈∏Y ÒÑc x óM ¤E G óªà©j »ª∏©dG z»ª∏©dG åëÑdG èeGôHh Ωƒ∏©dG…”

Applications of T-Matrix Method in Optical Tweezers and Its Progress

“…Fikioros 和 Waterman [23] 是 GLMT 的 先 驱 ， 1960 年 Waterman [24] 报 道 了 计 算 T 矩 阵 的 步 骤 ， 并 于 1965 年 首 次 [25] 提 出 了 T 矩 阵 法 。 计 算 T 矩 阵 的 方 法 主 要 有 FDTD [26] 、 DDA [27] 、 点 匹 配 法 (PMM) [28] 和 扩 展 边 界 条 件 法 图 1 EBCM 计算 T 矩阵的流程图 (EBCM) [29] 。 EBCM 又 叫 零 场 法 (NFM) 或 矩 阵 法 (TMM) [30] ， 是 计 算 T 矩 阵 最 常 用 的 一 种 方 法 ， 图 1 以 高 斯 光 束为入射光束介绍了计算 T 矩阵的流程图。EBCM 仅适用于均匀且各向同性的对称球形微粒， 微粒尺寸较 大时其运算速度会很慢。微粒不对称时， Loke 等 [31] [32] 利 用 MATLAB 软 件构建了计算光镊的工具箱， 提出光散射问题可用 T 矩阵法精确计算。后来利用 T 矩阵法， 对单个微粒和复 合微粒的捕获力及力矩进行了计算， 将其在光镊模型中的应用做了总结 [33] 。Mishchenko 等 [34][35] 对微粒电磁 散射的 T 矩阵法及其应用等进行了总结， 并建立了数据库。光镊中微粒捕获力是矢量， 其计算可表示为：…”