National reputation as an intangible asset: a case study of the King Sejong Institute in Korea

Determinants of international Korean language promotion: A cross-country analysis

“…The results of the first-stage regression reveal that the instrumental variable, South Korea's ODA, exhibits a statistically significant positive effect at the 1 % level. This suggests that it promoted the establishment of the King Sejong Institute, which is consistent with the empirical findings of Eom et al [ 56 ]. The significant positive coefficient of the instrumental variable, representing the preference for foreign cultural products, confirms our reasoning that countries with a higher preference for foreign cultural products are more likely to consume a greater quantity of cultural products from South Korea.…”

“…Regarding the King Sejong Institute, Eom et al [ 56 ] examined the Korean government's strategic placement of King Sejong Institutes and found that the Korean government uses King Sejong Institutes as a complement to public diplomacy, in addition to considering local needs for Korean language education, when selecting countries to establish King Sejong Institutes. Considering that high levels of official development assistance (ODA) are a concrete manifestation of South Korea's diplomatic offensive, it is more likely that the King Sejong Institute will be established in a country that receives high levels of ODA from South Korea [ 56 ]. We chose the amount of ODA received from South Korea per capita in our sample countries as the instrumental variable.…”

East Asia’s soft power competition in Southeast Asia: a case study of public diplomacy efforts in promoting Japanese, Chinese, and Korean language learning in Thailand since the 2000s

“…By offering language education initiatives in other countries, a nation can promote the universality of its culture and foster greater understanding and recognition. (Eom et al, 2019) It has been suggested by Modebadze (2013) that language not only reflects but also shapes the fundamental values upheld by a given culture.…”