National differences in intelligence, crime, income, and skin color

Rushton, J. Philippe; Templer, Donald I.

doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.04.003

Cited by 66 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Furthermore, to investigate precisely this phenomenon, it is essential to measure other factors associated with crime, since failing to control for IQ will produce flawed and biased estimates (Beaver & Wright, 2011;Rushton & Templer, 2009 Second, as motivated by Altindag (2012) and other previous studies, we control for nine variables that can influence the effect of IQ on crimes: percentage urban population, percentage of population that consumes drugs, per capita alcohol consumption, the ratio of young to old in the population, income inequality index, societal level of education, rate of police officers, unemployment rate, and per capita income.…”

Section: Aimmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This raises the probability of engaging in antisocial behavior (Levine, 2011). All of these factors explain the negative correlations found between IQ and crime rates across individuals (e.g., Beaver et al, 2013;Diamond, Morris, & Barnes, 2012;Levine, 2011;McDaniel, 2006), states (e.g., Bartels, Ryan, Urban, & Glass, 2010;Kura, 2013;McDaniel, 2006;Pesta, McDaniel, & Bertsch, 2010;Templer & Rushton, 2011), and countries (Beaver & Wright, 2011;Rushton & Templer, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crimes and the Bell curve: The role of people with high, average, and low intelligence

Burhan¹,

Kurniawan²,

Sidek³

et al. 2014

Intelligence

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The present study examines whether crime rates can be reduced by increasing the IQ of people with high, average, and low IQ. Previous studies have shown that as a determinant of the national level of income per capita growth and technological achievement, the IQ of the intellectual class (those at the 95 th percentile of the Bell curve distribution of population intelligence) is more important than the IQ of those with average ability at the 50 th percentile.Extending these findings, our study incorporates the non-intellectual class (IQ at the 5 th percentile) to examine the role of IQ classes in determining crime rates across countries. We conducted hierarchical multiple regression analyses with IQ, seven types of crimes, and nine control variables: urbanization, alcohol consumption, unemployment rate, young to old population ratio, income inequality, education attainment, drug consumption, police rate, and income per capita. Regardless of types of crimes, we found evidence that raising IQ will lessen crime rates, with raises in the 95 th percentile group having the most number of significant impacts, followed by the 50 th and then the 5 th percentile groups. Furthermore, none of the nine control factors was stronger than the 95 th percentile group in predicting crime rates. We conclude that the intellectual class influences rates of more types of crime than the non-intellectual class does. The intellectual class has the highest authority in 2 determining law enforcement and development policies. Therefore, increasing the IQ of politicians and leaders from this class than other social classes will have a more significant influence in reducing crime rates, through enhanced functionality and quality of institutions across countries.

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Section: Aimmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crimes and the Bell curve: The role of people with high, average, and low intelligence

Burhan¹,

Kurniawan²,

Sidek³

et al. 2014

Intelligence

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Barber (2005) has linked it to the example low birth weight; Lynn and Vanhanen (2006) to undernourishment and Lynn and Meisenberg (2012) to malnourishment. Many studies have also assessed the relationship with: (i) infant mortality (Barber, 2005;Lynn & Vanhanen, 2006 ;Kanazawa, 2006;Templer, 2008 ;Rushton & Templer, 2009;Reeve, 2009);(ii) maternal mortality (Lynn & Vanhanen, 2006 ;Reeve, 2009), la life expectancy (Lynn & Vanhanen, 2006 ;Kanazawa, 2006 ;Lynn et al, 2007;Ram, 2007 ;Templer, 2008;Rushton & Templer, 2009;Reeve, 2009) and (iii) HIV/AIDS 1 (Templer, 2008 ;Rindermann & Meisenberg, 2009;Rindermann et al, 2009;Rushton & Templer, 2009;Reeve, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From a technical perspective, the plethora of studies on the relationship we examine have been authored by psychologists who recourse to simple correlations and path analysis (Templer, 2008 ;Rindermann & Meisenberg, 2009 ;Rindermann et al, 2009 ;Rushton & Templer, 2009 ;Reeve, 2009 Consistent with Kodila-Tedika and Asongu (2015), the data on intelligence is from Meisenberg and Lynn (2011): previous versions of this dataset can be found in Lynn andVanhanen (2002, 2006). This dataset is a compilation of hundreds of average national IQ tests observed over the 20 th and the 21 st centuries using best practice methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligence, human capital and HIV/AIDS: Fresh exploration

Kodila‐Tedika

Asongu

2015

Intelligence

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“…Empirical analyses assessing the validity of the conceptual framework of life history theory have shown considerable support for the perspective (Brumbach et al 2009;Dunkel and Decker 2010;Figueredo et al 2006Figueredo et al , 2013. In addition to construct validity analyses, the empirical literature has illustrated variance in human life history strategies related to outcomes such as health-related measures (Ellis 1988;Rushton 2000Rushton , 2004, relationship measures (Olderbak and Figueredo 2010), personality (Figueredo et al 2007;Gladden et al 2009), risktaking propensities (Ellis et al 2012;Figueredo et al 2005;Wilson and Daly 1997), and antisocial behaviors Daly and Wilson 2005;Dunkel et al , 2013Ellis 1988;Ellis et al 2012;Rowe et al 1997;Rushton 1989;Rushton and Templer 2009;Wenner et al 2013;Wilson and Daly 1997). Importantly, given the explicit focus on reproductive behaviors within life history theory, an expanding literature has illustrated considerable within-species variance in sexual behaviors among humans congruent with expectations derived from life history theory Figueredo et al 2006;Rowe et al 1997).…”

Section: Understanding Life History and Differential K Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Behavioral Genetic Test of the Evolutionary Taxonomy

Boutwell

Nedelec

Lewis

et al. 2015

Evolutionary Psychological Science

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Life-course-persistent (LCP) offending has been intensely studied over the last several decades resulting in an impressive amount of evidence linking chronic offending with a host of negative outcomes including violence, impulsiveness, and sexual promiscuity. Although much evidence also exists regarding the origins of LCP offending, emergent work is attempting to unify this knowledge under the umbrella of evolutionary biology using life history theory. The current study draws on this work-specifically, the Evolutionary Taxonomy-in order to further probe the etiology of chronic antisocial behavior. Using quantitative genetic methods and data from a national sample of twins, the current study examines whether LCP offending and the life history trait of sexual promiscuity might be linked at an underlying genetic level.Analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) data suggest that a shared genetic scaffold might be responsible for some of the covariation of LCP offending with the life history trait of sexual promiscuity. Specifically, the current analyses revealed evidence that overlapping genetic factors influenced both sexual involvement and LCP offender classification. Our results offer insight regarding the evolution of the traits that distinguish LCP offenders from the rest of the population. LCP offending may represent a set of life history traits that, over the course of human evolution, clustered together in small segments of the population. The findings lend support for the Evolutionary Taxonomy proposed to explain the ultimate origins of criminal offending.

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National differences in intelligence, crime, income, and skin color

Cited by 66 publications

References 33 publications

Crimes and the Bell curve: The role of people with high, average, and low intelligence

Crimes and the Bell curve: The role of people with high, average, and low intelligence

Intelligence, human capital and HIV/AIDS: Fresh exploration

A Behavioral Genetic Test of the Evolutionary Taxonomy

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