National circumstances in the international circumboreal community

Abstract

Boreal forest nations are often thought to have similar environmental, social, and economic contexts. In this communication we show that boreal forest nations are a disparate grouping, with some similarities and many differences. Highlighting these differing national contexts provides insights into how a given nation utilizes the boreal forests over which it holds stewardship responsibilities. Current national contexts are related to each nation's physiography, climate, history, legacy of past forest management, the timing of transition from natural to plantation forests, population density and distribution, and access to resources and markets. Boreal forests are dominated by pioneer species that are resilient to disturbance and have a demonstrated ability to adapt to past climate changes. National responses to natural disturbances are linked to forest area, ownership, and management intensity. Boreal forests in large nations (e.g., Canada, Russian Federation) are typically publicly owned, and disturbances such as fire are allowed to progress naturally over remote areas. In smaller nations, where there is often a greater proportion of private ownership and a focus on production forestry, natural disturbances are more aggressively controlled (e.g., Sweden, Finland). Large nations with low boreal human population densities have a greater proportion of natural boreal forest, with relatively higher levels of biodiversity when compared to the fully managed forests of some smaller boreal nations. In smaller nations, the combination of limited forest area and private ownership has facilitated the dominance of intensive sustainable forestry management practices (e.g., Finland). Conversely, in nations with more spatially extensive forest assets that are publicly owned and managed to meet multiple objectives, extensive sustainable forest management practices dominate (e.g., Canada, Russian Federation).Key words: boreal forest, global, national circumstances, environmental, social, economic, forestry practices, Canada RÉSUMÉ Les pays forestiers nordiques sont souvent perçus comme ayant un contexte environnemental, social et économique semblable. Dans cet article, nous démontrons que les pays forestiers constituent un groupe disparate ayant quelques similitudes et plusieurs différences. La mise en évidence de ces contextes nationaux différents permet une vision intrinsèque de l'utilisation faite par un pays donné des forêts boréales pour lesquelles il détient des responsabilités d'intendance. Les contextes nationaux actuels sont décrits selon la géographie physique, le climat, l'histoire, l'héritage de l'aménagement forestier antérieur, l'époque de la transition des forêts naturelles vers les plantations, la densité et la distribution de la population, ainsi que l'accès à la ressource et aux marchés de chaque pays. Les forêts boréales sont dominées par des espèces pionnières qui sont résilientes suite à une perturbation et ont une capacité démontrée de s'être adaptées aux changements climatiques du passé. Les réacti...

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