Nasal resistance in Japanese elementary schoolchildren: Determination of normal value

Abstract

Mean nasal resistance was 0.45 ± 0.70 Pa/cm(3)/s. Nasal diseases were noted in 358 (42%) children, and nasal condition was normal (the normal group) in 494 (58%) children. Nasal resistance was 0.57 ± 1.05 Pa/cm(3)/s in the nasal disease group and 0.35 ± 0.16 Pa/cm(3)/s in the normal group, showing that resistance was significantly higher in the nasal disease group. In the normal nasal groups, nasal resistance tended to be lower in the children in higher grades (first grade, 0.44 ± 0.17 Pa/cm(3)/s; second grade, 0.37 ± 0.11 Pa/cm(3)/s; third grade, 0.36 ± 0.23 Pa/cm(3)/s; fourth grade, 0.36 ± 0.14 Pa/cm(3)/s; fifth grade, 0.30 ± 0.08 Pa/cm(3)/s; sixth grade, 0.29 ± 0.11 Pa/cm(3)/s), and taller groups (<120 cm, 0.43 ± 0.16 Pa/cm(3)/s; 120-130 cm, 0.37 ± 0.19 Pa/cm(3)/s; 130-140 cm, 0.34 ± 0.12 Pa/cm(3)/s; >140 cm, 0.28 ± 0.09 Pa/cm(3)/s). Results similar to those seen in our previous study were obtained in each group.

The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on pharyngeal airway pressure during inspiration evaluated using computational fluid dynamics

“…[23,24] Using rhinomanometry by means of the active anterior method, Crouse et al [25] found that nasal resistance in 9-to 10-year-old healthy children ranges from 3.0 to 5.0 cm of water per liter per second; these values correspond to 0.3-0.5 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 6 Pa/(cm 3 •s). Kobayashi et al [26] reported normal nasal resistance in 11-to 12-year-old healthy children to be approximately 0.29 Pa/(cm 3 •s) using the same method. In our study, the nasal resistance of the control group is smaller than the conventional value reported in healthy children.…”

“…In our study, the nasal resistance of the control group is smaller than the conventional value reported in healthy children. [25,26] This may be because we calculated only the nasal airway value (excluding the adenoids, tonsils, and soft palate). We believe that this approach explains why nasal resistance values determined using CFD were smaller than those determined using conventional rhinomanometry.…”

Upper airway resistance during growth: A longitudinal study of children from 8 to 17 years of age

“…17,[28][29][30] Among changes in size and shape of the respiratory and vocal tracts, laryngeal descent, associated with hyoideal descent, is greater in males, resulting in relatively longer airways. 31,32 No gender differences in nasal resistance have been found for children, 13,14,16 while Kim et al 23 reported lower resistance for females and also a decrease in resistance with age among adults. Although upper airway resistance decreases with age in children, Saito and Nishihata 14 found a temporary increase between ages 13 and 14, paralleling our findings.…”

“…Zapletal and Chalupova 13 reported a linear correlation between inspiratory resistance and body height in 2-19-yearolds. Kobayashi et al 16,17 found a tendency that resistance decreased with increasing height in schoolchildren but the correlations between resistance and weight, height, body surface or body mass index (BMI 5 Weight (kg)/[Height (m)] 2 ) were weak. Kim et al 23 reported that in the adult population, lower body weight was related to increasing total nasal resistance in women but not in men.…”

“…Zapletal and Chalupová 13 emphasized the need for reliable reference values for pediatric patients with nasal and other respiratory problems. There are only a few cross-sectional studies on nasal patency in healthy children [14][15][16][17] but no longitudinal studies. In this follow-up study of the same children from 8 to 17 years of age, it was hypothesized that upper airway respiratory needs increase steadily during growth and show sexual dimorphism.…”