Although the incidence rate of major complications is lower than in children and later than in earlier published adult cases, patients are still at high risk of serious intracranial complications. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment may contribute to reducing the incidence rate.

An endoscopic transethmoidal approach, which requires no skin incision, is a minimally invasive surgery for retrobulbar orbital tumor, leading to excellent cosmetic results with less bleeding.

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This study has shown that MNIRS enables evaluation of changes in hemodynamics related to brain activity by olfactory stimulation.