Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT): From Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) Layers Perspectives

Mwakwata, Collins Burton; Malik, Hassan; Alam, Muhammad Mahtab; Moullec, Yannick Le; Pärand, Sven; Mumtaz, Shahid

doi:10.3390/s19112613

Cited by 116 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…In this section, only the fundamental aspects of the NB-IoT Rel-13 standard are introduced, which are of relevance for the analysis in this paper. Additional details can be found in [1,13].…”

Section: Narrowband Iot Fundamentalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Analysis of Narrowband IoT Quality of Service

Matz

Fernández-Prieto

Canada-Bago

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) is part of a novel group of access technologies referred to as Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), which provide energy-efficient and long-range network access to IoT devices. Although NB-IoT Release 13 has been deployed by Mobile Network Operators (MNO), detailed Quality of Service (QoS) evaluations in public networks are still rare. In this paper, systematic physical layer measurements are conducted, and the application layer performance is verified. Special consideration is given to the influence of the radio parameters on the application layer QoS. Additionally, NB-IoT is discussed in the context of typical smart metering use cases. The results indicate that NB-IoT meets most theoretical Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) design goals in a commercial deployment. NB-IoT provides a wide coverage by using signal repetitions, which improve the receiver sensitivity, but simultaneously increase the system latency. The maximum data rates are consistent over a wide range of coverage situations. Overall, NB-IoT is a reliable and flexible LPWAN technology for sensor applications even under challenging radio conditions. Four smart metering transmission categories are analyzed, and NB-IoT is verified to be appropriate for applications that are not latency sensitive.

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Section: Narrowband Iot Fundamentalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Analysis of Narrowband IoT Quality of Service

Matz

Fernández-Prieto

Canada-Bago

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…In addition, devices that report periodically in shorter intervals will consume more energy. This is because most of the power is consumed during transmission [46]. Similarly, scalability is also one of the design goals of NB-IoT.…”

Section: Performance Analysis With Real Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secure Authentication and Credential Establishment in Narrowband IoT and 5G

Sánchez-Gómez

García-Carrillo²,

Marin-Perez³

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Security is critical in the deployment and maintenance of novel IoT and 5G networks. The process of bootstrapping is required to establish a secure data exchange between IoT devices and data-driven platforms. It entails, among other steps, authentication, authorization, and credential management. Nevertheless, there are few efforts dedicated to providing service access authentication in the area of constrained IoT devices connected to recent wireless networks such as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) and 5G. Therefore, this paper presents the adaptation of bootstrapping protocols to be compliant with the 3GPP specifications in order to enable the 5G feature of secondary authentication for constrained IoT devices. To allow the secondary authentication and key establishment in NB-IoT and 4G/5G environments, we have adapted two Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) lower layers, i.e., PANATIKI and LO-CoAP-EAP. In fact, this approach presents the evaluation of both aforementioned EAP lower layers, showing the contrast between a current EAP lower layer standard, i.e., PANA, and one specifically designed with the constraints of IoT, thus providing high flexibility and scalability in the bootstrapping process in 5G networks. The proposed solution is evaluated to prove its efficiency and feasibility, being one of the first efforts to support secure service authentication and key establishment for constrained IoT devices in 5G environments.

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“…Note that the IoT devices use timedivision multiplexing access (TDMA) to transmit their data to the IoT gateway. 5 The IoT devices generate very small size data (e.g., temperature and humidity) and they use the same modulation scheme to transmit one packet regardless of the distance to the gateway (i.e., no adaptive modulation coding (AMC) is used in IoT devices [27]). Therefore, the difference in the transmission times among IoT devices can be neglected, which means that the energy consumption of transmitting one packet is constant regardless of the distance.…”

Section: Information Freshness-guaranteed and Energy-efficient Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Information Freshness-Guaranteed and Energy-Efficient Data Generation Control System in Energy Harvesting Internet of Things

Lee

Kim

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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In energy harvesting Internet of Things (IoT) systems, the age of information (AoI) should be maintained at a low level to guarantee the accuracy and reliability of derived decisions. In this paper, we design an information freshness-guaranteed and energy-efficient data generation control system (IFE-DGCS) where an IoT gateway with a directional antenna determines the polling frequency for each sector by selecting a polling sector at periodic decision epochs. When polling data, the IoT gateway transfers the RF energy to IoT devices in the polling sector by means of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). To minimize the energy outage probability while maintaining the AoI below a certain level, a constrained Markov decision process (CMDP) is formulated and the optimal stochastic policy on the polling sector is obtained by a linear programming (LP). To resolve the curse of the dimensionality problem in CMDP, a greedy IFE-DGCS is developed and its performance is extensively studied. Evaluation results demonstrate that IFE-DGCS with the optimal policy achieves a comparable energy outage probability to the conventional energy-oriented scheme while guaranteeing a sufficiently low AoI.

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Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT): From Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) Layers Perspectives

Cited by 116 publications

References 68 publications

A Systematic Analysis of Narrowband IoT Quality of Service

A Systematic Analysis of Narrowband IoT Quality of Service

Secure Authentication and Credential Establishment in Narrowband IoT and 5G

Information Freshness-Guaranteed and Energy-Efficient Data Generation Control System in Energy Harvesting Internet of Things

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