Narrow linewidth comb realized with a mode-locked fiber laser using an intra-cavity waveguide electro-optic modulator for high-speed control

Iwakuni, Kana; Inaba, Hajime; Nakajima, Yoshiaki; Kobayashi, Takeyuki; Hosaka, Kazumoto; Onae, Atsushi; Hong, Feng−Lei

doi:10.1364/oe.20.013769

Cited by 86 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The principal challenge with pump modulation is that the erbium stimulated emission time constant is slow, leading to a roll-off in the pump response around 10 kHz. However, this roll-off appears as a simple RC time constant so that with appropriate phase lead compensation techniques [28,29], feedback bandwidths as high as 900 kHz have been demonstrated with custom electronic circuits [97].…”

Section: Actuators: Gain/loss Modulation-pump Power and Graphene Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Frequency Comb Generation based on Erbium Fiber Lasers

et al. 2016

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Optical frequency combs have revolutionized optical frequency metrology and are being actively investigated in a number of applications outside of pure optical frequency metrology. For reasons of cost, robustness, performance, and flexibility, the erbium fiber laser frequency comb has emerged as the most commonly used frequency comb system and many different designs of erbium fiber frequency combs have been demonstrated. We review the different approaches taken in the design of erbium fiber frequency combs, including the major building blocks of the underlying mode-locked laser, amplifier, supercontinuum generation and actuators for stabilization of the frequency comb.

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Section: Actuators: Gain/loss Modulation-pump Power and Graphene Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Frequency Comb Generation based on Erbium Fiber Lasers

et al. 2016

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“…We developed a high-speed controllable frequency comb with the electro-optic modulator (EOM) inserted into the cavity of the mode-locked fiber laser, [18] with which we achieved control to around the 1-MHz band for both lasers. [19] The mode-locked laser with the intra-cavity EOM has only been possible for fiber laser, which has been an advantage of the fiber comb.…”

Section: Development Of a High-speed Controllable Frequency Comb -Evomentioning

confidence: 99%

National standards of length for high-capacity optical fiber communication systems

Inaba¹,

Onae²,

Hong³

2014

Synthesiology English edition

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Frequency measurement in the optical domain has a number of applications other than the length standard, among which the most important field in a social context is optical fiber communications. In the 1990s, wavelength-division multiplexing began to increase communication capacity, and many specialists anticipate that precise optical frequency management is required in the near future. It was therefore necessary to add a stabilized laser in the 1.5-m optical communication band as a frequency standard to the CIPM's recommendation, and to develop the technology to measure laser frequency in the 1.5-m band. In Japan, where the 633-nm iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser served as the national measurement standard, the 1.5-m stabilized lasers needed to be traceable to the 633-nm national measurement standard.It was in 1999 that the first breakthrough came in overcoming the difficulties in conventional optical frequency measurement using the frequency chain. German and American groups achieved absolute measurement of laser frequency using the "optical frequency comb" with a mode-locked laser, [5][6] which led to enormous technical innovations in this field. The optical frequency comb was a great success and enabled laser frequency to be measured to the accuracy of the cesium atomic frequency standard (11 to 16 digits depending on the mean time or oscillator types). The linkage of optical frequency with microwave frequency by means of the optical frequency comb IntroductionBefore the invention of the optical frequency comb, frequency measurement in the optical domain was extremely difficult. Requiring a number of microwave oscillators, special frequency multipliers/mixers, and wavelength or frequencystabilized lasers (hereinafter referred to as "stabilized lasers") as measuring devices, the "frequency chain," [1][2] which linked with frequency in the optical domain after repeatedly multiplying and mixing in sequence, was based on 9 192 631 770 Hz, the microwave frequencies generated from the cesium atomic frequency standard. The extremely extensive measuring equipment required not only development but also enormous costs and human resources. In addition, this equipment could only measure the frequency of a single laser, which meant that lasers with different wavelengths required different frequency chains to be constructed.Under these circumstances, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) prepared a list of frequencystabilized lasers based on the laser frequencies measured with frequency chains and recommended that they be used as wavelength standards (length standards) for the purpose of a practical metric realization.[3] Frequency-stabilized lasers developed in national metrology institutes of different nations are gathered to validate their equivalence for the international comparison of frequencies (hereafter referred to as "international comparison"). The lasers compared internationally serve as the basis for the reference laser for length measurement in a nation. The most internationally compare...

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“…12 and 13. Compared with the instability using a multibranch NPR-based Er:fiber comb 10,21) as shown by a black line, the spectral transfer instability at τ = 1 s is improved by more than 30 times. At τ > 100 s, the Figure 4(a) shows the fractional frequency noise PSD of the frequency spectral transfer.…”

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confidence: 97%

“…The residual contributed phase noise (integrated from 3 Hz to 5 MHz) of the in-loop beat signals for both f CEO and the beat signal at 215 THz is ≤0.2 rad, which is comparable to the values reported for non-PM NPR-based Er:fiber combs. 10) This residual phase noise is sufficiently small to remain locked for longer than a few days. 17) To evaluate the frequency spectral transfer noise, we prepare two identical combs, both of which are stabilized to the "clock laser" at 215 THz, which is locked to a 40-cm-long reference cavity.…”

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confidence: 98%

“…17,18) In linking multiple optical frequencies, Er:fiber combs with a multibranch configuration, where each port consists of an Er-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), have been employed, 3,19) as it allows sufficient output power per comb tooth optimized for the single frequency. In such a multibranch comb, the phase noise in different branches introduces the instability of ∼10 −16 at 1 s. 10,11) A record high instability of 4 × 10 −16 (τ=s) −1=2 has been demonstrated for synchronous clock comparison between strontium (Sr)-and ytterbium (Yb)-based optical lattice clocks, 3) in which the instability is mainly limited by the Dick effect 20) due to the frequency noise of the multibranch comb.…”

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confidence: 99%

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All-polarization-maintaining, single-port Er:fiber comb for high-stability comparison of optical lattice clocks

Ohmae

Kuse²,

Fermann³

et al. 2017

Appl. Phys. Express

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All-polarization-maintaining, single-port Er:fiber combs offer long-term robust operation as well as high stability. We have built two such combs and evaluated the transfer noise for linking optical clocks. A uniformly broadened spectrum over 135-285 THz with a high signal-to-noise ratio enables the optical frequency measurement of the subharmonics of strontium, ytterbium, and mercury optical lattice clocks with the fractional frequencynoise power spectral density of (1-2) ' 10 %17 Hz %1/2 at 1 Hz. By applying a synchronous clock comparison, the comb enables clock ratio measurements with 10 %17 instability at 1 s, which is one order of magnitude smaller than the best instability of the frequency ratio of optical lattice clocks. © 2017 The Japan Society of Applied PhysicsO ptical frequency combs have become indispensable tools for precision measurements including atomic= molecular spectroscopy, low-phase-noise microwave generation, and ranging. 1) In optical clocks, linking different atomic clocks 2,3) or distant clocks via optical fibers 4) with a fractional uncertainty of 10 −18 is of significant concern with a future redefinition of the second in the International System of Units (SI). 5) Such endeavors, in turn, offer intriguing opportunities for testing the constancy of the fundamental constants 6) and for relativistic geodesy. 4,7) These applications necessitate ultralow-noise optical frequency combs that allow long-term and robust operation. Titanium-sapphire-based frequency combs have demonstrated outstanding stability. 8,9) However, their bulky optical setups require regular maintenance, thus hampering long-term and robust operation, which limits their potential applications. In contrast, erbium (Er) fiber combs enable all-fiber architecture for robust operation. Although a typical Er:fiber comb uses nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) to acquire mode-locking with excellent noise performance, 9-13) the operational condition for such NPR-based Er:fiber oscillators can be sensitive to environmental conditions. For practical applications, such as the longterm operation of clocks to generate the optical second 14) and field and space applications, the all-polarization-maintaining (PM) architecture is preferred. 15,16) However, such architecture has shown relatively large phase noise. Low intrinsic phase noise with PM architecture is demonstrated by applying a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM). 17,18) In linking multiple optical frequencies, Er:fiber combs with a multibranch configuration, where each port consists of an Er-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), have been employed, 3,19) as it allows sufficient output power per comb tooth optimized for the single frequency. In such a multibranch comb, the phase noise in different branches introduces the instability of ∼10 −16 at 1 s. 10,11) A record high instability of 4 × 10 −16 (τ=s) −1=2 has been demonstrated for synchronous clock comparison between strontium (Sr)-and ytterbium (Yb)-based optical lattice clocks, 3) in whic...

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Narrow linewidth comb realized with a mode-locked fiber laser using an intra-cavity waveguide electro-optic modulator for high-speed control

Cited by 86 publications

References 20 publications

Optical Frequency Comb Generation based on Erbium Fiber Lasers

Optical Frequency Comb Generation based on Erbium Fiber Lasers

National standards of length for high-capacity optical fiber communication systems

All-polarization-maintaining, single-port Er:fiber comb for high-stability comparison of optical lattice clocks

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