Nanowatt-Level Wakeup Receiver Front Ends Using MEMS Resonators for Impedance Transformation

Bassirian, Pouyan; Moody, Jesse; Lu, Ruochen; Gao, Anming; Manzaneque, Tomás; Roy, Abhishek; Barker, N. Scott; Calhoun, Benton H.; Gong, Songbin; Bowers, Steven M.

doi:10.1109/tmtt.2019.2894645

Cited by 40 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The LWRs with the extended lateral reflection boundary width of 12 μm are summarized and compared in Table 3 [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. With IDT-Ground and IDT-Floating structures, the f s · Q s values of the fabricated LWRs can reach 1.61 × 10 12 and 1.78 × 10 12 , respectively.…”

Section: Measurement and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Quality-Factor and Spectrum-Clean AlN Lamb-Wave Resonators with Optimized Lateral Reflection Boundary Conditions and Transducer Design

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2022

Micromachines

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This paper presents a high quality-factor (Q) and spectrum-clean AlN Lamb-wave resonator (LWR). The width of its lateral reflection boundary was optimized to weaken the transverse modes’ coupling and wave guiding, and then to improve the LWR’s Q value and spectral purity, which was verified by finite element analysis and experimental characterization. In addition, the series resonance quality factor (Qs) value of the interdigitated (IDT)-Ground LWR is similar to that of the IDT-Floating LWR, but its parallel resonance quality factor (Qp) is nearly doubled, due to the reduction of the electrical loss induced by its static capacitance (C0). The measured results show that the designed LWR with optimized boundary reflection conditions and IDT-Ground structure exhibit Qs and Qp values as high as 4019.8 and 839.5 at 401.2 MHz and 402.9 MHz, respectively, meanwhile, it has good spectral purity. Moreover, the influence of the metal ratio and material of the LWR’s IDT electrodes on the device’s performance was also studied by theoretical analysis and experimental verification.

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Section: Measurement and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Quality-Factor and Spectrum-Clean AlN Lamb-Wave Resonators with Optimized Lateral Reflection Boundary Conditions and Transducer Design

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2022

Micromachines

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“…Wake-up Radio [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] Local Occupancy Sensing [50][51][52][53] Power Line Communication [54,55] Wake on LAN [56][57][58] Burst Mode [62][63][64][65] Improve Converter Efficiency…”

Section: Near-zero Standbymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Near-zero standby solutions use an ultra-low-power receiver to process the wake-up signal. These solutions include wake-up radios [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49], occupancy sensors [50][51][52][53], power-line communications [54,55], or wake-on-LAN [56][57][58].…”

Section: Add Energy Harvestingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DARPA's recent N-Zero research program has demonstrated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to be a promising alternative to silicon-based standby-killers [59]. N-Zero produced a family of MEMS-based solutions that allow for high sensitivity and sub-microwatt consumption in sensor applications with infrared (IR) [27,28], acoustic [60], chemical [61], and RF [48,49] wake-up methods. Despite their intent for battery-powered sensors, these solutions may also have potential in plug-load applications.…”

Section: Add Energy Harvestingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging Zero-Standby Solutions for Miscellaneous Electric Loads and the Internet of Things

et al. 2019

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Despite technical advances in efficiency, devices in standby continue to consume up to 16% of residential electricity. Finding practical, cost-effective reductions is difficult. While the per-unit power consumption has fallen, the number of units continuously drawing power continues to grow. This work reviews a family of technologies that can eliminate standby consumption in many types of electrical plug loads. It also investigates several solutions in detail and develops prototypes. First, burst mode and sleep transistors are established as building blocks for zero-standby solutions. This work then studies the application of two types of wake-up signals. The first is from an optical transmission, and is applicable to remote-controlled devices with a line-of-sight activation, such as set-top boxes, ceiling fans, and motorized curtains. The second is from a wake-up radio, and is applicable to any wireless products. No single technology will address all standby power situations; however, these emerging solutions appear to have broad applicability to save standby energy in miscellaneous plug loads.

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“…Recently, there was significant additional interest in using PTs for ultra-low-power wake-up circuits whose applications extend to various domains such as healthcare, smart cities, industrial monitoring, agriculture, and security surveillance [9,10]. Bassirian et al [11] presented two MEMS-based piezoelectric resonators integrated in a wake-up receiver with 7 nW of power consumption. Yadav et al [12] reported on a wake-up receiver that uses piezoelectric transduction and dissipates only 4.4 µW.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Piezo/Magnetic Electromechanical Transformer

et al. 2021

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This paper presents a hybrid electromechanical transformer that passively transfers electrical power between galvanically isolated ports by coupling electrodynamic and piezoelectric transducers. The use of these two complementary electromechanical transduction methods along with a high-Q mechanical resonance affords very large transformations of voltage, current, or impedance at particular electrical frequencies. A chip-size prototype is designed, simulated, fabricated, and experimentally characterized. The 7.6 mm 7.6 mm 1.65 mm device achieves an open-circuit voltage gain of 31.4 and 48.7 when operating as a step-up transformer at 729.5 Hz and 1015 Hz resonance frequencies, respectively. When operating as a step-down transformer, the resonance frequencies and the corresponding voltage gains are 728 Hz, 1002 Hz, and 0.0097, 0.0128, respectively. In one operational mode, the system shows a minimum power dissipation of only 0.9 µW corresponding to a power conversion efficiency of 11.8%.

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Nanowatt-Level Wakeup Receiver Front Ends Using MEMS Resonators for Impedance Transformation

Cited by 40 publications

References 35 publications

High Quality-Factor and Spectrum-Clean AlN Lamb-Wave Resonators with Optimized Lateral Reflection Boundary Conditions and Transducer Design

High Quality-Factor and Spectrum-Clean AlN Lamb-Wave Resonators with Optimized Lateral Reflection Boundary Conditions and Transducer Design

Emerging Zero-Standby Solutions for Miscellaneous Electric Loads and the Internet of Things

Hybrid Piezo/Magnetic Electromechanical Transformer

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